CS433: Modeling and Simulation

1. Al-Imam Mohammad bin Saud University Lecture 04: Statistical Models CS433: Modeling and Simulation Dr. Anis Koubâa 09 October 2010

2. Goals for Today • Review of the most common statistical models • Understand how to determine the empirical distribution from a statistical sample

3. Topics

4. Discrete and Continuous Random Variables

5. Discrete versus Continuous Random Variables Discrete Random Variable Continuous Random Variable Finite Sample Space e.g. {0, 1, 2, 3} Infinite Sample Space e.g. [0,1], [2.1, 5.3] Probability Mass Function (PMF) Probability Density Function (PDF) Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)

6. Expectation

7. Statistical Models : Properties

8. Discrete Probability Distributions Bernoulli Trials Binomial Distribution Geometric Distribution Poisson Distribution Poisson Process

9. Modeling of Random Events with Two-States Bernoulli Trials Binomial Distribution

10. Bernoulli Trials • Context: Random events with two possible values • Two events: Yes/No, True/False, Success/Failure • Two possible values: 1 for success, 0 for failure. • Example: Tossing a coin, Packet Transmission Status, • An experiment comprises n trial. • Probability Mass Function (PMF): Probability in one trial • Bernoulli Process: n trials

11. Binomial Distribution • Context: Number of successes in a series of n trials. • Example: the number of 'heads' occurring when a coin is tossed 50 times. • The number of successful transmissions of 100 packets • Probability Mass Function (PMF) • Binomial distribution with parameters n and p, X ~ B(n,p) Probability of having k successes in n trial • where • k = 0, 1, 2, ......., n k: number of success • n = 1, 2, 3, ....... n: number of trials • 0 < p < 1 p = success probability with

12. Binomial Distribution Probability of k=2 successes in n=3 trials? E1: 1 1 0 P(E1)= p(1 and 1 and 0) = p p (1-p) = p2 (1-p) or E2: 1 0 1 P(E2)= p(1 and 0 and 1) = p (1-p) p = p2 (1-p) or P(E3)= p(1 and 1 and 0) = p p (1-p) = p2 (1-p) E3: 0 1 1 Probability of k=2 successes in n=3 trials?

13. End of Part 01 Administrative issues Groups Formation

14. Modeling of Discrete Random Time Geometric Distribution

15. Context: the number of Bernoulli trials until achieving the FIRST SUCCESS. It is used to represent random time until a first transition occurs. Geometric Distribution PMF k

16. Modeling of Random Number of Arrivals/Events Poisson Distribution Poisson Process

17. Poisson Distribution • Context: number of events occurring in a fixed period of time • Events occur with a known average rate and are independent • Possion distribution is characterized by the average rate  • The averagenumber of arrival in the fixed time period. • Examples • The number of cars passing a fixed point in a 5 minute interval. Average rate:  = 3 cars/5 minutes • The number of calls received by a switchboard during a given period of time. Average rate:  =3 call/minutes • The number of message coming to a router per second • The number of travelers arriving to the airport for flight registration

18. Poisson Distribution • The Poisson distribution with the average rate parameter l the probability that there are exactlyk arrivals in a certain period of time. the probability that there are at least k arrivals in a certain period of time. PMF CDF

19. Example: Poisson Distribution • The number of cars that enter the parking follows a Poisson distribution with a mean rate equal to l = 20 cars/hour • The probability of having exactly15 cars entering the parking in one hour: or • The probability of having more than 3 cars entering the parking in one hour: USE EXCEL/MATLAB FOR COMPUTATIONS

20. Example: Poisson Distribution Probability Mass Function Poisson (l = 20 cars/hour) Cumulative Distribution Function Poisson (l = 20 cars/hour)

21. Five Minutes Break You are free to discuss with your classmates about the previous slides, or to refresh a bit, or to ask questions. Administrative issues Groups Formation

22. Modeling of Random Number of Arrivals/Events Poisson Distribution Poisson Process

23. Poisson Process • Process N(t) • random variable N that depends on time t • Poisson Process: a Process that has a Poisson Distribution • N(t)is called a counting poisson process • There are two types: • Homogenous Poisson Process: constant average rate • Non-Homogenous Poissoon Process: variable average rate

24. What is “Stochastic Process”? State Space = {SUNNY, RAINNY} Day Day 4 Day 7 Day 5 Day 3 Day 2 Day 6 Day 1 SUN WED MON SAT FRI TUE THU X(dayi): Status of the weather observed each DAY

25. Examples of using Poisson Process • The number of web page requests arriving at a server may be characterized by a Poisson process except for unusual circumstances such as coordinated denial of service attacks. • The number of telephone calls arriving at a switchboard, or at an automatic phone-switching system, may be characterized by a Poisson process. • The arrival of "customers" is commonly modelled as a Poisson process in the study of simple queueing systems. • The execution of trades on a stock exchange, as viewed on a tick by tick basis, is a Poisson process.

26. (Homogenous) Poisson Process • Formally, a counting process is a (homogenous) Poisson process with constant average rate l if: • describes the number of events in time interval • The mean and the variance are equal t t+t t+t+q

27. (Homogenous) Poisson Process • Properties of Poisson process • Arrivals occur one at a time (not simultaneous) • has stationary increments, which means The number of arrivals in time s to t is also Poisson-distributed with mean • has independent increments

28. Inter-Arrival Times of a Poisson Process CDF of Exponential distribution • Inter-arrival time: time between two consecutive arrivals • The inter-arrival times of a Poisson process are random. What is its distribution? • Consider the inter-arrival times of a Poisson process (A1, A2, …), where Ai is the elapsed time between arrival i and arrival i+1 • The first arrival occurs after time tMEANS that there are no arrivals in the interval [0,t], As a consequence: The Inter-arrival times of a Poisson process are exponentially distributed and independent with mean 1/l

29. N1(t) ~ Poi[lp] lp l N(t) ~ Poi(l) N2(t) ~ Poi[l(1-p)] l(1-p) l1 N1(t) ~ Poi[l1] l1 + l2 N(t) ~ Poi(l1 + l2) N2(t) ~ Poi[l2] l2 Splitting and Pooling • Splitting • Pooling

30. Modeling of Random Number of Arrivals/Events Poisson Distribution Non Homogenous Poisson Process

31. Non Homogenous (Non-stationary) Poisson Process (NSPP) • The non homogeneous Poisson process is characterized by a VARIABLErate parameter λ(t), the arrival rate at time t. In general, the rate parameter may change over time. • The stationary increments, property is not satisfied • The expected number of events (e.g. arrival) between timesand time t is l1 l2 l3

32. Example: Non-stationary Poisson Process (NSPP) • The number of cars that cross the intersection of King Fahd Road and Al-Ourouba Road is distributed according to a non homogenous Poisson process with a mean l(t) defined as follows: • Let us consider the time 8 am as t=0. • Q1. Compute the average arrival number of cars at 11H30? • Q2. Determine the equation that gives the probability of having only 10000 car arrivals between 12 pm and 16 pm. • Q3. What is the distribution and the average (in seconds) of the inter-arrival time of two cars between 8 am and 9 am?

33. Example: Non-stationary Poisson Process (NSPP) • Q1. Compute the average arrival number of cars at 11H30? • Q2. Determine the equation that gives the probability of having only 10000 car arrivals between 12 pm and 16 pm. We know that the number of cars between 12 pm and 16 pm, i.e. follows a Poisson distribution. During 12 pm and 16pm, the average number of cars is Thus, • Q3. What is the distribution and the average (in seconds) of the inter-arrival time of two cars between 8 am and 9 am? (Homework)

34. Two Minutes Break You are free to discuss with your classmates about the previous slides, or to refresh a bit, or to ask questions. Administrative issues Groups Formation

35. Continuous Probability Distributions Uniform Distribution Exponential Distribution Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

36. Uniform Distribution

37. Continuous Uniform Distribution • The continuous uniform distribution is a family of probability distributions such that for each member of the family, all intervals of the same length on the distribution's support are equally probable • A random variable X is uniformly distributed on the interval [a,b], U(a,b), if its PDF and CDF are:

38. Uniform Distribution PDF • Properties • is proportional to the length of the interval • Special case: a standard uniform distribution U(0,1). • Very useful for random number generators in simulators CDF

39. Exponential Distribution Modeling Random Time

40. Exponential Distribution • The exponential distribution describes the times between events in a Poisson process, in which events occur continuously and independently at a constant average rate. • A random variable X is exponentially distributed with parameter m=1/l> 0 if its PDF and CDF are:

41. Exponential Distribution µ=20 µ=20

42. Exponential Distribution • The memoryless property: In probability theory, memoryless is a property of certain probability distributions: the exponential distributions and the geometric distributions, wherein any derived probability from a set of random samples is distinct and has no information (i.e. "memory") of earlier samples. • Formally, the memoryless property is: For all s and t greater or equal to 0: • This means that the future event do not depend on the past event, but only on the present event • The fact that Pr(X > 40 | X > 30) = Pr(X > 10) does not mean that the events X > 40 and X > 30 are independent; i.e. it does not mean that Pr(X > 40 | X > 30) = Pr(X > 40).

43. Exponential Distribution • The memoryless property: can be read as “the probability that you will wait more than s+t minutes given that you have already been waiting s minutes is equal to the probability that you will wait t minutes.” • In other words “The probability that you will wait s more minutes given that you have already been waiting t minutes is the same as the probability that you had wait for more than s minutes from the beginning.” • The fact that Pr(X > 40 | X > 30) = Pr(X > 10) does not mean that the events X > 40 and X > 30 are independent; i.e. it does not mean that Pr(X > 40 | X > 30) = Pr(X > 40).

44. Example: Exponential Distribution • The time needed to repair the engine of a car is exponentially distributed with a mean time equal to 3 hours. • The probability that the car spends more than 3 hours in reparation • The probability that the car repair time lasts between 2 to 3 hours is: • The probability that the repair time lasts for another hour given it has been operating for 2.5 hours: Using the memoryless property of the exponential distribution, we have:

45. Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

46. Normal Distribution • The Normal distribution, also called the Gaussian distribution, is an important family of continuous probability distributions, applicable in many fields. • Each member of the family may be defined by two parameters, location and scale: the mean ("average", μ) and variance (standard deviation squared, σ2) respectively. • The importance of the normal distribution as a model of quantitative phenomena in the natural and behavioral sciences is due in part to the Central Limit Theorem. • It is usually used to model system error (e.g. channel error), the distribution of natural phenomena, height, weight, etc.

47. Normal or Gaussian Distribution • A continuous random variable X, taking all real values in the range (-∞,+∞) is said to follow a Normal distribution with parameters µ andσ if it has the following PDF and CDF: where • The Normal distribution is denoted as • This probability density function (PDF) is • a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, • centered at its expected value µ. • The variance is s2.

48. Normal distribution • Example • The simplest case of the normal distribution, known as the Standard Normal Distribution, has expected value zero and variance one. This is written as N(0,1).

49. Normal Distribution • Evaluating the distribution: • Independent of m and s, using the standard normal distribution: • Transformation of variables: let

50. Normal Distribution • Example: The time required to load an oceangoing vessel, X, is distributed as N(12,4) • The probability that the vessel is loaded in less than 10 hours: • Using the symmetry property, F(1) is the complement of F (-1)