Presentation Transcript

1. Overview of the Industry

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2. NEED FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTS The population explosion together with a poor distribution of food are among the world’s greatest problems today. In many highly populated, poorly developed countries most children suffer from malnutrition in their early years. This may cause a high death loss or an adverse effect on the body that persists throughout the lifetime of affected individuals.
3. Protein Deficiency In one South American country, 82 children out of every 1000 born die before they reach one year of age, another 12.4 per 1000 die before their fourth birthday, and among those that survive many are mentally retarded. Some of this mental retardation is due to a severe protein deficiency during childhood, which appears to affect adversely the central nervous system, which does not have the ability to repair itself.
4. Starchy Grains The food supply in these areas consists mostly of starchy grains, which supply enough energy for life processes, but lack the protein necessary. A severe lack of protein of good quality often results in the disease known as kwashiorkor. It is characterized by retarded growth, swollen eyelids, lack of appetite, severe diarrhea, and abnormal color and texture of the hair. Death usually follows the appearance of such symptoms.
5. High quality protein High quality protein is necessary for the proper growth and good health of animals and man. It is the nutrient in shortest supply on a worldwide basis. Plant proteins usually do not provide a good balance of amino acids; animal proteins are superior in this respect.
6. high—lysine corn The discovery of high—lysine corn (a better quality protein) and its production will help relieve some of the undesirable effects of poor quality proteins in starchy grains. Soybean meal is an excellent source of protein. When soybeans are processed they produce oil which can be used for food and the meal left after the oil is extracted is one of the best sources of good quality protein known today.
7. Animal Products Animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs still remain a major source of high quality protein for humans throughout the world. India, the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R., Brazil, and China are the leading countries of the world in cattle production. Although India has, by far, the largest number of cattle, they do not slaughter cattle for meat production.
8. Hog production China, the U.S.S.R., Brazil, and the U.S.A. are the leading countries of the world in hog production. The leading countries in sheep production are Australia, the U.S.S.R., China, and New Zealand. Goat production is greatest in China and India. The U.S.A. is the world leader in meat production.
9. Milk Production The five highest ranking countries of the world in milk production include the U.S.S.R., the U.S.A., France, India, and West Germany. Egg production is highest in the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R., and Japan. These data show that even in highly populated countries such as China and India, animal products are still an important source of food.
10. Fish Fish provide about 15 percent of the world’s animal protein supply, estimated to be about 70 million metric tons annually. About 50 percent of the world’s annual fish catch is used for human food, whereas the remainder supplies food for livestock and pets. Marine biologists believe that its is possible to more than double the world’s annual fish harvest.
11. fish farming In the U.S.A. fish farming has increased in importance and many feed stores handle prepared feed especially for fish. Fish are very efficient in the conversion of feed to meat, sometimes producing a pound of gain from a little more than a pound of feed consumed.
12. Competition As human protein needs increase with the increase in the world population, there will be more competition between humans and livestock We must make every effort to produce more efficient animals in the future. Some land will never be suitable for grain production because of its topography, and can be grazed by ruminants which convert forage to meat.
13. Heredity Heredity plays an important role in the efficiency of livestock production, as do proper management and disease control. The purpose of this class is to present the fundamental principles of genetics of livestock production and the application of these principles to breeding more efficient livestock.
14. Animal Products Animal products have long been important in the diet of people in the United States. When the first settlers came to America from Europe, they brought animals to supply meat, eggs, milk, wool, feathers, leather, and many other staples of life.
15. Beginning of breeds The early animals were generally nondescript in appearance. Not until the work of Robert Bakewell and his contemporaries in England in the late l700’s do we find the beginning of breeds and the use of the show ring and of records. The work of these men led to the establishment of pure breeds of farm animals.
16. Revolutionary War Purebred animals were first introduced into the United States after the Revolutionary War. The first purebreds to be imported were dairy cattle and sheep, because milk and wool were two of the colonists’ greatest needs. There were still enough wild animals in our woodlands and enough cull dairy cattle and sheep to supply meat.
17. Our present-day breeds of beef cattle and swine were imported shortly before the Civil War. With the Industrial Revolution and the movement of people from farms into villages and cities, the need arose for more meat and wool to be used off the farm. This led to the realization that animals have to become more efficient in their production.
18. Purity of the desired characteristics The best method then known to increase the efficiency of production was to breed animals for purity of the desired characteristics. The use of this method contributed to the development of our pure breeds.
19. The market for breeding animals was usually very close to home, and the breeders in a given area knew the breeding history of their neighbors’ animals, so they knew where to get the types and breeds of animals they wanted for their herds or flocks. As the market for the sale of purebreds expanded and some breeders became better known than others, it became necessary to develop some means of verifying the ancestry of these animals.
20. This led to the formation of breed associations during the last part of the 19th century. The formation of breeds and their registry associations resulted in the recognition of the fact that purebred sires could bring about considerable improvement in livestock production.
21. Numerous experiments were conducted by experimental stations prior to 1925 in which the offspring of purebred males were compared with those of non-purebred males. In general, the comparisons favored purebred sires, and livestock men became interested in the use of purebred or registered sires. The word registered came to mean that the animal was something special.
22. Many Breeds With the formation of many breeds, the question inevitably arose of which was best. Many livestock men had their own ideas, and many of them made comparisons between different breeds, as did some of the colleges and experiment stations.
23. Comparisons These comparisons showed that there was no single best breed and that breeds differ in many performance traits. Breeds superior in some traits of economic importance were inferior in others. If this had not been found to be true, we would now have only one breed, or at most only a very few different breeds, in each of the classes of farm animals.
24. The increased popularity of the show ring in this country stimulated studies of several classes of farm animals to determine the best types from the standpoint of production. The general conclusion was that the correlation between type and performance was very low. This meant that selecting for good type would not automatically give good performance. As far as the size of animals was concerned, however, an intermediate between large and small seemed to be the most desirable when all factors were considered.
25. Performance testing Performance testing was the next breeding method used for the improvement of livestock through breeding. Testing stations were established in many countries of the world. These testing stations have as one of their main objectives the location of the best performing individuals.
26. Since rate and efficiency of gain and carcass quality are medium to highly heritable traits, mating the best to the best should improve these traits. Results from testing stations indicate this is true. Performance testing of livestock will continue to be important in the future.
27. Hybrid vigor Records of performance have become particularly important with the widespread use of frozen semen for the artificial insemination. The first successful attempts to utilize hybrid vigor (a hybridization phenomenon whereby offspring display greater vigor and size than the parents) in a systematic way were applied to the production of hybrid seed corn.
28. The great success of this venture has had an influence on the utilization of hybrid vigor in the production of livestock. Crossbreeding in the 50’s through the 80’s received much attention. Lately the has been an effort to renew this practice. Heterosis and hybrid vigor have commonly used by livestock producers. Most producers now realize that superior purebreds must be used to produce superior crossbreds.
29. Inbred Lines Some of the first inbred lines formed were discarded because of poor performance, but several eliminated themselves because of the occurrence of defective traits or poor fertility. Even inbred lines which survived showed some decline in traits related to physical fitness in spite of efforts to prevent this by selection.
30. Inbred lines Very few of these inbred lines were ever used on a practical scale for the commercial production Research on inbreeding was important, however, because it supplied much fundamental information necessary for the development of efficient breeding systems.
31. Crossbreeding research in beef cattle followed that conducted in swine The first large scale crossbreeding for the commercial production of beef cattle took place in the south and southwestern U.S.A. following the introduction of the Brahman breeds from India. Brahman x British crosses in tropical or semi-tropical regions of the world showed a marked improvement.
32. In the more temperate climates crosses of the European breeds are being studied and are popular in the commercial production of beef. Crossbreeding in dairy cattle has not been commonly practiced probably because of the great differences among breeds in milk and butterfat production.
33. Improvements The application of improved methods of breeding, feeding, management, and disease control during the last few years has greatly increased the efficiency of livestock production. Agricultural statistics show that the production per animal unit in the United States has increased 30 percent in the last 35 years. Efficiency of production has increased in almost all classes of livestock.
34. Changes now taking place The past century has seen a great change in farming and in the livestock industry. Farming has developed from a small family operation to a large scale, big business operation. Specialization is now the keynote. Now that farming has become a big business, farmers are doing away with the small time system of mental bookkeeping.
35. The future of livestock production The production of livestock has been extremely important for man since animals were domesticated almost 10,000 years ago. Animals throughout the world supply man with milk, draft power, transportation, hides, fertilizer and many other useful products.
36. Problems Population growth The human population explosion is one of the factors that could have an important influence on the world livestock production. If humans consumed cereal grains directly instead of feeding animals for the production of animal products, the world could feed a much larger population.
37. Ruminants Cattle and other ruminants would probably be less affected because a large part of their diet consists of roughage and grass, and there will always be millions of acres of land that can be utilized only for grazing purposes. Most of the tillable land in the world is now in production, except in areas where irrigation might be practiced at a great cost. Thus the world will be fed only by increasing crop yields
38. Energy One of the major problems facing the world today is the growing energy shortage. The growing energy shortage can have a drastic impact on agricultural production. Higher prices for petroleum products and fertilizer used in crop production are reflected in higher prices for grain crops that are fed to animals. The increasing world demand for U.S.A. grains is is expected to increase grain prices.
39. Future production This all suggests that livestock must be produced under systems which utilize more roughage and less grain. Livestock and the products they supply for man have always been important in the history of the world. In order that they will continue to be important in the future more efficient systems of production and more efficient livestock will have to be developed.
40. Name_____________________?? Of day 1.__________is necessary for the proper growth and good health of animals and man. 2. T or F Animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs still remain a major source of high quality protein for humans throughout the world. 3. T or F Comparisons showed that there was no single best breed and that breeds differ in many performance traits. 4. The first large scale crossbreeding for the commercial production of beef cattle took place in _____________. 5. T or F Cattle and other ruminants would probably be less affected because a large part of their diet consists of roughage and grass, and there will always be millions of acres of land that can be utilized only for grazing purposes.