The Market Revolution

1. The Market Revolution

2. Irish Potato Famine • Potato introduced in 17th Cen. • Irish adopt it as staple crop • Reliance on it for trade and life • 1845 Famine hits • Crops turn black • Mass starvation • British no help • Leads to mass migration • Australia and US

3. US Immigration 1830-1860 • In 1800 US population was 5.3 million • By 1860 it was 31.5 million • Between 1830-1860 550,000 new immigrants arrived in the US • Most were Irish and German • Why? War and…

4. Anti-Irish • Large influx in such a short of time drew a lot of ire • Catholics • Depicted as drunk, lazy • Many pictures showed them apish, brutish, and usually poor • Would be a focal point of the Nativists

5. Urban Growth • Irish filled the eastern cities • Unskilled labor • Problems • Housing, food, crime • Germans filled the northwest • Farming or businesses further west • Think Coors!!!

6. Growth The US: 1789 The US: 1845

7. Pro-Immigration • Industry • Cheap labor • Land Speculators • Expand population in west • Open new markets • Politicians • Increased population, especially in the west, meant statehood and votes

8. Nativism • Growing anti-immigrant movement • Socially inferior • Drove down wages • Morally corrupt • Catholics!!! • Native-American Party • Growth of secret organizations like “Know-Nothings” lead to party affiliation and creation of American Party • Will remain and be adopted by future Republican Party

9. Transportation and Communication Boom!!!

10. Steamboat • Rivers became vastly more important • Importance of steamboats increase • Carried goods from farm to market • Also leisure travel thus boats got bigger and more lavish

11. Canal System • Before: Road system terrible • Ruts and dangers made travel and commerce not feasible • Turnpikes: tools made it difficult for farmers • After • Travel was a bit safer • Canals connect rural farmers to larger East coast markets • Growth of small towns and canal ports

12. Erie Canal • Began July 4, 1817 and completed in Oct. 1825 • Largest construction project US had taken before then • Connected Albany, NY with Erie • Economic BOOM • Tolls paid for it within 7 years • Helped to establish NY City as America’s economic center • Still active, but mostly for tourism

13. Railroad • 1804 saw the invention of tracks and steam engines • Early R.R. were small and lost to canal competition • Post 1840 saw a boom in R.R. construction • Post 1860 would see the R.R. come to supplant canals and dominate American transportation

14. Telegraph • 1844 Samuel F.B. Morse invents the telegraph • Marriage with telegraph lines and R.R. would connect America like never before • 1860 50,000 miles of line • 1861 connection between NY and San Francisco • 1862 consolidation into the Western Union Telegraph Company

15. Journalism • 1846 Richard Hoe invents the Rotary Steam Press • Increase speed and lowers price of papers • Creation of the Associated Press • Press would be a unifying and dividing force • Unifying: Connects all parts of America • Dividing: Rancor and divisions now more prevalent

16. Industrial American North

17. Cottage Industry • Also known as “Putting-out System” • Most finished goods came from this prior to 1830 • Home based • Pick hours • Safety • Goods sent to market and wages based on output

18. Cottage Con’t • The System • Manufacturer pays home worker • Home worker sews goods • Sent to finisher • Sent to cleaner • Sent to manufacturer • Sent to market

19. Corporate America • Before 1830 • Corporations could only gain charter through state legislators • Long and costly • Post 1830 • States removed restrictions • Opened doors for investment

20. Factories • Before 1820 most manufacturing done in homes • Growth of work force, interchangeable parts, technology, and capital opens way for factory system

21. Lowell System • Lowell Mass. was center of textile manufacturing • Relied exclusively on unmarried women • System: Paternalistic • Good pay for the time • Lived in boarding houses • Well fed • Strict curfews • Required to attend church

22. Decline of Lowell • Work • Long and tedious • Restrictions • Women + Money= ? • Competition • Immigrant work force made other factories more competitive • Lowell joins in

23. Master/Apprentice • The Master/Apprentice system would be challenged by changes in industry • Master teaches the apprentice; known as journeyman until skilled enough to be called apprentice: 3-15 yrs • Apprentice takes skills, opens own shop (or takes over) and continues process • Deskilling of labor makes Master/Apprentice a thing of the past in most industries • Especially shoes

24. Challenges to Factories • Trade Unions • Artisans united to challenge factory domination • Set up own shops as competition • Recruited workers in factories • Now in the factories • 1842 Commonwealth v. Hunt • Mass. Supreme Court ruled unions and ability to strike legal • Other states would follow with similar decisions

25. A Changing Society

26. Creation of a Class Structure • Industry helps to solidify and American class structure • Upper: Owner • Middle: Manager • Lower Middle: Foremen • Working: Skilled Workers • Lower: Unskilled workers • 19th Cen. saw clearer distinctions between the classes

27. Social Mobility • 19th Century saw more social mobility • The ability to move from one class to the next • Hard work, ingenuity • It was very limited • But enough to make those who hadn’t think it was possible • Or instill in the next generation the idea that it could happen

28. Changing Family • Shrinking Agriculture in North • Lure of the city • Jobs, money, social interaction • Decline of the family • Young leaving family farms • Causes decline and loss • Young women • Lured to city • More freedom • Also rape, assaults, abuse rises

29. Women • “Cult of Domesticity” • Roles for men and women • Men: Work • Women: Take care of Children • Few rights for Women • Divorce, abuse, rape did not favor women • Godey’s Lady Book • Magazine that focused on non-controversial ideas, instead focused on “domestic” concerns • Growing involvement in Social issues • Especially children

30. Leisure • Growing upper and middle classes saw more down time • Minstrel Shows • Actors in black face • P.T Barnum • Creation of the circus • Parks • Central Park