WWII

1. WWII Hitler’s Lightning War (32.1) Japan’s Pacific Campaign (32.2)

2. 1939 • Hitler wants land from Poland (access to sea granted in T. of Versailles) • Non-Agression Pact b/t USSR and Germany • Secret agreement~ To divide Poland between them and USSR could take over Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia • Hitler’s attack on Poland • Strategy~BLITZKRIEG (Lightning War) • Surprise attack • Tanks and trucks with aircraft and artillery with simultaneous, relentless bombing • Britain & France declared war, but couldn’t get there before Germany won Poland- • Sitzkrieg (sitting war) neither side did anything

3. 1940 • (Stalin invaded Finland in late 1939) • Hitler invades Denmark and Norway • Both fell quickly • Hitler planned to launch attacks on Britain from new bases on the coast • Hitler’s plan for France • Invades Netherland, Belgium and Luxembourg- Allied attention was on them • Moved through the forest in N. France to the coast in just 10 days • Surrounded the Allied forces and trapped them

4. 1940 (continued) • Dunkirk • Where they were trapped • British sent 850 ships (all kinds) to rescue their soldiers • 338,000 soldiers were carried to safety • France Surrenders • Divided in ½ (N. controlled by Germans, S. controlled by a “puppet government”) • Charles de Gaulle- French general set up a government in exile in London, organized the Free French Military- fought for liberation of France

5. Still 1940… • German Luftwaffe (Airforce) bombs British Cities- hoped to destroy the Royal Air Force • Winston Churchill (British Prime Minister) • Battle of Britain • Tools helped~ RADAR and Enigma (stolen from Germans, allowed messages to be decoded) • Night Raids • British resisted ~ taught Allies Germans could be beat! • Hitler gave-up and turned attention to Mediterranean region

6. 1941 • Italy had invaded N. Africa and S. France • Hitler sent support troops • Tobruk • British forces were taken by surprise in Egypt and retreated to Tobruk (Libya) • Allies pushed them back, but later they lost the city • Invasion of Russia • After Hitler won land in the Balkans • Allies- Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania) & invasions (Greece and Yugoslavia) • Invaded Russia- Scorched earth policy as they retreated (just like Napoleon had done) • Marched toward Moscow= ignored Napoleon’s woes and lost 500,000 due to the harsh winter

7. US assistance for Allies • Neutrality Acts- illegal to sell arms or lend money to nations at war • 1939 Roosevelt convinced congress to sell weapons to Allies (would pay cash and ship the arms themselves) • Lend-Lease Acts- US could lend or lease supplies to any nation vital to the US • US Navy was escorting British trade ships • Germany used submarines to sink them= Undeclared Naval War b/t US and Germany • Atlantic Charter • Agreement b/t US and Britain that upheld free trade and right for people to choose their own government.

8. Japanese Aggression • War with China left their economy weak~ looked at European colonies as a source of wealth and expansion • US cracked their code and knew their plans~ feared losing Guam & Philippines • US Cut off oil supply to Japan & started helping China defend themselves • Day of Infamy- Dec. 7, 1941 • Japan attacked European holdings in SE Asia and Pearl Harbor in Hawaii • Over 3,000 Americans killed or wounded

9. Japan Builds an Empire • By February of 1942, Japan had conquered 1 million square miles and 150 million people • Before conquering won support as an end to colonization • After conquering, Japan treated the people with cruelty • Treated POWs even worse (Bataan Death March (70,000 prisoners- only 54,000 survived)

10. Allies Strike Back • Attacks on Tokyo- Japanese were vulnerable • Regained control of major air fields in the Pacific • Battle at Midway (island 1500 miles from Hawaii)- US won & turned the tide in the Pacific • Allied Offensive (General MacArthur’s plan) to avoid Japanese strongholds and “island-hop” to seize less protected islands and move closer to Japan • Guadalcanal- Japanese were constructing a huge airbase there. Marines secured the airfield, but the island was more difficult- 6 months of fighting • Japan lost 24,000 soldiers and called the island “ the island of death”

11. The Holocaust Chapter 32, Section 3

12. What is the Holocaust? • The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. "Holocaust" is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and that the Jews, deemed "inferior," were "life unworthy of life." During the era of the Holocaust, the Nazis also targeted other groups because of their perceived "racial inferiority": Roma (Gypsies), the handicapped, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others). Other groups were persecuted on political and behavioral grounds, among them Communists, Socialists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and homosexuals. • http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/maps/

13. A Holocaust Timeline: 1938 • It all started with the Kristallnacht, (Night of the Broken Glass) • This was a time of vandalism, arrests, an death for the Jews.

14. A Holocaust Timeline: 1939 • Jews are “consolidated” into Concentration Camps – place of detainment and harsh conditions • With the beginning of the war the concentration camps increasingly became sites where targeted groups of real or perceived enemies of Nazi Germany were either murdered outright or put to hard, meaningless labor. Those forced to labor were deliberately undernourished and mistreated with the intent that they be "annihilated by work."

15. A Holocaust Timeline: 1939 • Ghettos - ghettos were city districts (often enclosed) in which the Germans forced the Jewish population to live under miserable conditions. Ghettos isolated Jews by separating Jewish communities from the non-Jewish population and from neighboring Jewish communities. The Nazis established over 400 ghettos.

16. A Holocaust Timeline: 1941 • Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) were squads of German SS and police personnel. Under command of Security Police (Sipo) and Security Service (SD) officers, the Einsatzgruppen had among their tasks the murder of those perceived to be racial or political enemies found behind the front lines in the occupied Soviet Union. • The Einsatzgruppen also murdered thousands of residents of institutions for the mentally disabled. Many scholars believe that the systematic killing of Jews in the occupied Soviet Union by Einsatzgruppen and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) battalions was the first step of the Nazi program to murder all of the European Jews

17. A Holocaust Timeline: 1941-42 • Extermination Camps - Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder. Unlike concentration camps, which served primarily as detention and labor centers, extermination camps were almost exclusively "death factories." Over three million Jews were murdered in extermination camps. • Almost all of the deportees who arrived at the camps were sent immediately to the gas chambers (with the exception of small numbers chosen for special work teams known as Sonderkommandos).

18. A Holocaust Timeline: 1945 • Death Marches - forced marches of prisoners over long distances under heavy guard and extremely harsh winter conditions. During these death marches, SS guards brutally mistreated the prisoners. Following explicit orders to shoot prisoners who could no longer walk, the SS guards shot hundreds of prisoners en route. Thousands of prisoners also died of exposure, starvation, and exhaustion. Death marches were especially common in late 1944 and 1945, as the Nazis attempted to transfer prisoners to camps deeper within Germany.

19. Holocaust Summary • What you need to know • Aryans – Master Race (according to Hitler) • Kristallnacht • November 1938 • Night of the Broken Glass • First organized act against Jews • Ghettos • Segregated areas designated for Jews • Terrible living conditions, starvation, disease, death • Genocide • Systematic killing of an entire group of people • Types of Camps that Hitler had Organized • Concentration Camps • Extermination Camps • Labor Camps

20. Holocaust Summary • What you need to know • “The Final Solution” • Hitler’s plan to eradicate the Jews from planet Earth • Not imprison them, but kill them (starvation and disease were not killing them fast enough) • Targets of Hitler • Jews • Gypsies • Homosexuals • Handicapped • Germans of African heritage • Jehovah’s Witnesses • Extermination Camps of Note (there were 6 major camps) • Auschuwitz-Birkenau • Treblinka • Dachau

21. Resistance and Rescue“For whoever destroys a single life destroys the entire world: whoever saves a single life saves the world entire.” The World Responds to the Holocaust

22. Resistance First they came for the socialists, And I did not speak out Because I was not a socialist. Then they came for the trade unionists, And I did not speak out Because I was not a trade unionist Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out Because I was not a Jew Then they came for me, And there was no one left to speak for me. Pastor Martin Niemoller Arrested, confined to a prison camp, liberated!

23. Common Questions • Why did so many people let this happen? • Why didn’t the Jews defend themselves? • Where were the Christians? • Where were the Allies and their governments?

24. Jewish Resistancehttp://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/maps/ • Those who resisted faced consequences • Arrest • Camps • Death • Those who resisted faced consequences • Arrest • Camps • Death

25. Barriers to Resistance • Superior German Weapons • Most civilians were unarmed • Remember how quickly the French and Poles were defeated • Collective Responsibility • Retaliation against families and communities • Kristallnacht- A single Jewish assassin led to this • Lithuania- entire ghetto population killed when two boys escaped • Treblenka- 26 Jews shot when 4 escaped • Sobibor- 13 Jews attempted escape- 26 executed • For every German soldier killed, 50 – 100 were executed

26. More Barriers to Resistance • Isolation of Jews- • It was difficult for them to “blend-in” • Others in occupied areas were living under harsh occupation conditions • Everyone had to have identification papers • Secrecy & quickness of deportation • They didn’t know or have time to prepare • Deception- they “packed their belongings” or wrote post cards to family and friends • Many Jews did not believe the stories

27. Resistance in the Ghettos • Isolated from the outside & other ghettos • Smuggled goods were traded in some • Armed resistance took time • Unarmed resistance • Underground newspapers & radios • Acts of sabotage- Jews forced to work for the Nazis damaged and undermined the war effort by stealing documents, slowing production, producing bad ammunition, setting fires, etc

28. Escape!? Hide!? Comply!? • For many the only hope was to escape • Kindertransport • Far East (China) • USA- only allowed a certain number due to immigration laws • Denmark- only conquered nation to rescue most of its Jews • Others hid • False papers • Non-Jewish sympathizers

29. Did the USA do enough? Immigration to the United States (1936-1945) 1936 -- 36,329 1937 -- 50,244 1938 -- 67,895 1939 -- 82,998 1940 -- 70,756 1941 -- 51,776 1942 -- 28,781 1943 -- 23,725 1944 -- 28,551 1945 -- 38,119 • The US military was close to many camps, but did not bomb them • The US would not lessen immigration requirements during the war- in fact they were more strictly enforced

30. Barriers to Escape • Paperwork! The Germans were a stickler for papers…. Without them Jews could not leave many were transported to camps before the proper papers arrived to save them.

31. Resistance in the Camps • Secret political groups and meetings • Attempts to alleviate suffering by gathering food, medical supplies, and money or stealing from the victim’s belongings • Attempts to escape and inform the outside world • Revolts • Prisoners in Treblinka, Sobibor, and Auschwitz-Birkenau all escaped and revolted by killing Nazi guards- some survived the uprisings, most did not

32. Spiritual and Cultural Resistance • Underground schools and libraries • Documenting the holocaust & cultural activities * diaries * lectures * art * concerts * poetry * songs • Religious Activities * secret prayers and ceremonies * Jehovah’s witnesses and other did the same

33. Resistance by other groups • Communists and socialists • Outlawed in 1939 • Published Anti-Nazi materials • Concentration Camps, A Book of Horrors: The Victims Accuse (1934) • Christians • Organized faiths did not oppose the regime • Individual clergy and groups did speak out

34. Individuals who helped • Oskar Schindler (1908-1974), a Sudeten German industrialist, established an enamel works outside the Krakow ghetto and protected Jewish workers employed in the enamel works from deportation • http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005787 • Chiune Sugihara (1900 – 1986) a Japanese Diplomate sent to Russian/Polish border- issued visas to many seeking refuge through Russia and Japan. The Japanese government allowed him to route individuals through their nation • http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005594

35. The White Rose • The only German group that spoke out against Nazi policies- organized by a soldier (Hans Scholl), his sister and friends • Spread to include students throughout Germany • Transported and mailed leaflets denouncing the regime • Advocated for sabotage of armament factories • A janitor at Hans’ university discovered this and turned him in Hans, his sister and best friend were executed

36. Famous last words • The philosophy professor who helped the White Rose Movement was arrested and tried with treason • His final word of defense (from Philosopher Kant): “And thou shall act as if On thee and on thy deed Depend the fate of all Germany, And thou alone must answer for it.”

37. What you need to know: • This happened because Germans and those the Nazis occupied had no power against the regime and its policies • Nazis used tools of deception, isolation, and timing to carry out their plans and to decieve their victims • Those who did resist faced arrest, camps, and/or death • Collective responsibility= Others would be held accountable for the deeds of individuals or groups

38. More things to know: • Forms of resistance by Jews in the Ghettos and Camps • Sabotage • Smuggling • Keeping up religious traditions and ceremonies • Underground publications • Stealing and sharing resources with other victims • Maintained art and creativity • Underground schools, libraries, and social gatherings • Armed resistance groups • Revolts and escape

39. The last things to know… • Communists and socialists were the first group persecuted, but kept-up resistance • Resistance from other faiths was limited to individual clergy or groups • The White Rose was the only German group (philosophy students) who spoke out against Nazi policies • Denmark was the only national government to save most of its Jews • Immigration to the US slowed during the Holocaust • Many accuse the US of knowing and doing nothing (Requests for increased immigration were not met as were requests to bomb camps.)

40. Chapter 32Section 4 The Allied Victory

41. Review • Who were the Allies? • Who were the Axis Powers? • When the US joined the war, it became a “two theater” event • The European Theater • The Pacific Theater

42. The Tide Turns • When the US joined the European Theater things started to change • (just like in WW1) • North Africa – General Eisenhower beat the Germans in Africa • Italy – Britain and the US invaded Italy • This ousted Mussolini, and he tried to run (ask me about the Gas Station) • Russia– Hitler decided to attack Russia, this was a mistake • Supply Lines too long • Tough Winter • Lots of Russians • He was fighting in the West too

43. Battle of Stalingrad • When – August 1942 – February 1943 • Where – Stalingrad, Russia • Details – • Both leaders told their armies to “finish the job.” • Uncommonly cold winter in Russia, Germans were prepared for summer battle, not winter. • Russians cut off the already strained German supply lines…Germans began starving AND freezing • Germany started with 330,000 and ended w/ 90,000 • Stalingrad was 99% destroyed

44. The Home Front • The war spread from the battlefield into the towns and cities. • This lead to civilian casualties • Total War • All people started contributing to the war effort (women went to work en mass) • Factories started producing war “stuff” • Car factories = Tanks • Typewriter companies = armor piercing bullets

45. Victory in Europe • D-Day Invasion (Operation Overlord) • Allies invaded Normandy Beach in France, began to drive the Germans out of France • Largest land and sea attack in history • The Battle of the Bulge • Last German offensive effort • Failed, no reinforcements available • V-E Day – May 9, 1945 • Nearly 6 years of fighting

46. Victory in the Pacific • The island-hopping campaign lead the US closer to Japan • Kamikazes • “Divine Wind” • Suicide Pilots • Atomic Bomb dropped • Hiroshima – “Little Boy” • Nagasaki – “Fat Man” • V-J Day – September 2, 1945

47. The Atomic Bomb • Research – Einstein / Manhattan Project • Plane – Enola Gay (B-29) • Pilot – Paul Tibbets • Hiroshima • 7,000° Ground Temperature • Winds – 980 mph • 62,000 buildings destroyed • Deaths – 70,000 immediately / 200,000 eventually • Within 1 mile was considered a “direct hit” • Nagasaki – same thing…3 days later

48. Europe and Japan in Ruins Chapter 32 Section 5

49. Devastation in Europe • WWII caused more death and destruction than any other conflict in history • 60 million deaths (1/3 in the Soviet Union) • 50 million displaced persons • Property damage in the billions of dollars • USA= 288 billion • Great Britain= 117 billion • Germany= 212 billion • Japan= 41.3 billion

50. Devastation in Europe • Cities • Some were relatively undamaged – Paris & Rome • Others were in ruins- London, Warsaw • Warsaw Pre war population=1.3 million, postwar population = 153,000 • No water, electricity or food • Men were lost in the war and women focused on war production – food shortages, famine, disease, and suffering continued long after the war ended