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Female Terrorism. Social and Psychological Background of the Phenomenon.

Female Terrorism. Social and Psychological Background of the Phenomenon. Semyonov Dmitry State University – Higher School of Economics (Moscow). Introduction. the rate of female involvement in terrorist activity increased greatly

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Female Terrorism. Social and Psychological Background of the Phenomenon.

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  1. Female Terrorism.Social and Psychological Background of the Phenomenon. Semyonov Dmitry State University – Higher School of Economics (Moscow)

  2. Introduction • the rate of female involvement in terrorist activity increased greatly • women were engaged in terrorism earlier, but the role of them has changed a lot

  3. The Phenomenon of Female Terrorism • Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will) and Socialist Revolutionary Party • Secondary functions: the Uruguayan Tupamaros, RAF and June Second Movement • Front-line activity • Latin American and West European organizations 1970-80s • leftist organizations (Red Zora – Germany 1970-1987) • key roles: Fusako Shigenobu (JRA), Norma Ester Arostito (Argentine Monteneros), Margherita Cagol and Susana Ronconi (Red Brigades), Ellen Mary Margaret McKearney (IRA), Geneveve Forest Tarat (ETA) • Leila Khaled (PFLP) • entirely of women: Society for Cutting Up Men (SCUM) – US • organizations created and directed by women: German Kommando der Roten Armee Fraktion (Baader-Meinhoff group), Red Brigades and Prima Linea (Italy), Japanese Red Army, American Symbionese Liberation Army and Weather Underground, the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna\Basque Homeland and Liberty, EZLN (Zapatista)

  4. Recent Challenges • 27 January 2002 suicide bombing by Wafa Idris (Al-Aqsa Brigades) – was widely reported as “the world's first woman suicide bomber.” • Tamil Black Tigers - former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, was assassinated in May 1991 by a female suicide-bomber • Russia (most famous – Dubrovka Theater storming October 2002) • Palestinian female suicide bombers (many cases)

  5. The Roots • two separate areas – men’s and women’s • Muslim sociologist: “In our society there is no relationship of friendship between a man and a woman” • genital mutilation • pollution and gang-raping • generally speaking, sex discrimination

  6. Women in the Muslim Family and FemaleMotivation • social motivation joining terrorists - a woman gets into the society - a woman gains the higher rank in social hierarchy • economic motivation terrorist organization provide perpetual finance support for a suicide bomber’s family • religious motivation women find in the terrorist activity realization for their vanity, ground for pride, respect and glory • personal motivation terrorist activity – an outcome for hatred towards people • “mother” motivation natural instinct of protecting children

  7. Characteristics of Female Terrorists • practicality, coolness • dedication, inner strength, ruthlessness • single-mindedness

  8. Conclusion Female terrorism is already an ordinary thing • Any kind of researching or examining terrorism should imply a full case study of female involvement • We must be ready to meet new challenges of terrorism What about children, for example?

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