SCIENCE AND EDUCATION IN our CENTURY OF KNOWLEDGE NORBERT KROO

1. SCIENCE AND EDUCATION IN our CENTURY OF KNOWLEDGE NORBERT KROO HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN RESEARCH COUNCIL PÉCS, 12.10.2010

2. LIVING IN A CHANGING WORLD • Rapid technological, political, social und cultural changes • Financial, economic, political, social, cultural crises • Decline of old industries (with their value system) • Increase of the knowledge added valueof products and services • Increasing competition combined with decreasing social safeguarding • Increasing need for making use of the full range of human capacities • Increasing need for „creative“ labour forces • Increasing heterogenity of national populations • Increasing unproductivity of national education systems

3. GROWING SIGNIFICANCE OF KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE BASED SOCIETY (ECONOMY) . COMPETITION! INNOVATION ORIENTED SOCIETY RESOURCES (LABOUR, MATERIALS, ENERGY, CAPITAL, KNOWLEDGE). SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE! (danger to treat knowledge as a tradable commodity) NEW PRACTICES INRESEARCH (multidisciplinary,groups) NEW PRIORITIES (sustainable development,jobs, competitiveness) DRYING OUT TECHNOLOGIES GLOBALIZATION. CRITICAL SIZE. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION NEW POTENTIAL REVOLUTIONS (BIO-, NANO-, INFO-TECHNOLOGIES )

4. SCIENCE IS IMPORTANT AND CHANGING * THE COMPLEXITY OF KNOWLEDGE INCREASES  DEEPER KNOWLEDGE IN NARROWER FIELDS * INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH EXPANDS.(COMPLEX PROBLEMS) * THE COST OF RESEARCH (INFRASTRUCTURE) SKYROCKETS. GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT NEEDED. * INCREASING CRITICAL SIZE IN RESEARCH. NETWORKING. (BOTH FINANCIALLY AND IN HUMAN POTENTIAL) * STRONGER INFLUENCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THEECONOMY E.G. THROUGH INNOVATION * NEW WAYS OF DOING SCIENCE: „KNOWLEDGE BORN IN CYBER- SPACE” THROUGH THEINTERACTION OF DISLOCATED SCIENTISTS AND INFRASTRUCTURE * DEVELOPMENTCOSTS BEYOND THE POSSIBILITIES OF COMPANIESREQUEST FOR STATE INTERVENTION, COMPANY CONSORTIA (JTI!) * SCIENCE HAS BECOME FULLY INTERNATIONAL. GLOBALIZATION.

5. (HIGH)EDUCATION IS ALSO CHANGING -SOCIETY STRUCTURE IS CHANGING SO DOES EDUCATION TOO -THE CHANGE OF SCIENCE ALSO FORCES UNIVERSITIES TO CHANGE -THE TRANSFORM OF UNIVERSITIES IS THE TRANSFORM OF TEACHING PRACTICES -IN ADDITION TO KNOWLEDGE, UNIVERSITIES HAVE TO GIVE CHANCES TO YOUNG PEOPLE TO BECOME RESPONSIBLE LEADERS -THE SUCCES OF UNIVERSITIES IS THE SUCCESS OF THEIR ALOMNI -TO GIVE INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH TO SURVIVE COMPETITION AND TO MAKE THE SOCIETY STRONGER BUT THE TRANSFORMATION IS NOT EQUAL TO GETTING RID OF THE OLD STRUCTURES COMPLETELY

6. THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF THESE CHANGES -INTERNATIONALIZATION: CURRICULA; MOBILITY; GRANT APPLICATIONS -MULTIDISCIPLINARITY: FACULTY STRUCTURE; SOCIAL SCIENCE INVOLVEMENT; OKINAWA MODEL -COLLABORATION: IN COMPETITION; UNIVERSITY-RPO AND ACADEMIA-INDUSTRY COOPERATION; OPEN ACCESS. -DEMOCRATIZATION: LEARNING PROCESS AROUND THE STUDENT, NOT THE PROFESSOR (making mistakes is part of the learning process); UNIVERSITIES FOR HIGH SCHOOLS (teach them to better understand science); THE IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ICT ON EDUCATION

7. ONE OF THE STRATEGIC AIMS IN BOTH SCIENCE AND EDUCATION IS to boost excellence in "Frontier Research" • by investing in the best researchers and ideas • through competition at global/Europeanlevel, • on the basis of scientific excellence as the sole criterion, • raising incentives towards quality and aspirations of individual researchers, • providing benchmarks and leverage towards broader (structural) improvements inresearch.

8. GROWING NEED FOR TALENTS CHURCHILL: …THE EMPIRES OF THE FUTURE WILL BE THE EMPIRES OF THE MIND (1943) -THE TALENTS: THE ABILITY TO SOLVE COMPLEX PROBLEMS OR INVENT NEW SOLUTIONS -TALENT HAS BECOME THE WORLD’S MOST SOUGHT-AFTER COMMODITY. SHIFTING BALANCE OF POWER . -TALENTS ALONE ARE NOT ENOUGH: REWARDING EXPERIENCE; STRONG ETHICAL CODEX; INTERNAL CONTROL ALSO NEEDED -GLOBAL HUNT FOR TALENTS: STRUCTURAL CHANGES; AGEING; FALLING LOYALTY OF EMPLOYEES; BROADER SPECTRUM OF JOBS WHERE TALENTS ARE NEEDED -EDUCATION CAN INCREASE THE TALENT POOL -INEQUALITIES ARE WIDENING AS TALENTS BECOME MORE VALUABLE -NOT EVERYBODY IS HAPPY WITH THE ELITE OF TALENTS: MERITOCRACY AND ITS DISCONTENT

9. TO KEEP TALENTS IN THE EU • The global competition for R&D talent is intensifying; • The number of R&D graduates entering the workforce is likely to decline unless we intervene (brain drain + education) • Recommendations: • Support to students and institutions in order to improve the success in R&D studies of undergraduates; • Attract and retain well-prepared high schoolteachers of science, mathematics, technology; • International competitiveness with regard to research talent (ERC, Marie Curie, etc.) • To stabilize and strengthen the role of the European Research Council

10. PARADOXICAL ISSUES 1.THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SCIENCE INCREASES WHILE THE INTEREST OF THE YOUNG GENERATION DECREASES (knowledge paradox) 2.THE TIME NEEDED TO ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE INCREASES AND THE OBSOLESCENCE TIME OF IT DECREASES (time paradox) 3. GOOD RESEARCH (IN EUROPE), BUT LOOSING GROUND IN COMPETITIVENESS (innovation paradox) 4. THE ROLE OF R&D IN COMPETITIVENESS INCREASES BUT THE DECISIONMAKERS ARE OFTEN TEMPTED TO FORGET ABOUT IT (competitiveness paradox) 5. THE SHARE OF GOVERNMENTS IN FINANCING R&D ACTIVITIES IS DECREASING, BUT THE ROLE OF THE REMAINING CONTRIBUTION IS INCREASING (governance paradox)

11. Elements of European science policy • BASED ON THE KNOWLEDGE TRIANGLE EDUCATION, RESEARCH, INNOVATION - THE LISBON STRATEGY Knowledge-based economy – competitiveness and jobs - THE EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA (ERA) Harmonization, freedom of researchers, knowledge, technology. ERC! -THE LJUBLJANA PROCESS Joint programming; Fifth freedom; ERA governance - THE BOLOGNA PROCESS European Higher Education Area (EHEA) by 2010

12. BASIC INSTRUMENTS EUROPEAN LEVEL COMPETITION: -ADDED VALUE: HIGHER QUALITY RESEARCH COOPERATION, NETWORKING: -CRITICAL MASS (INTELLECTUAL AND FINANTIAL) -LESS DUPLICATION, FRAGMENTATION SUPPORT OF EXCELLENCE: -GOOD FOR ALL (inclusive the potential loosers) BUT THE SAME APPLIES TO THE PROPER USE OF STRUCTURAL FUNDS!

13. THE EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA (ERA) (the European response) IT SHOULD BE AN AREA WHERE • the scientific capacity and material resourcescan be optimized in synergy, • where national and European policiescan be implemented more coherently, and • where people and knowledge can circulate freely; IT SHOULD BE  attractive both to European researchers and the best researchers from outside the EU (talents), and • be based oncommon social and ethical values,rooted in European traditions. • Its main instruments are the Framework Programmes L

14. STRATEGIC GOALS OF ERA HUMAN CAPITAL– A diverse, internationally competitive and globally engaged workforce of scientists, engineers and well-prepared citizens. IDEAS – Discovery across the frontier of science and engineering, connected to learning, innovation, and service to society. INSTRUMENTS – Broadly accessible, state-of-the-art S&E facilities, tools, and other infrastructure that enable discovery, learning and innovation. MANAGEMENT – An agile, innovative organization that fulfills its mission through leadership in state-of-the-art business practices.

15. 7th FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME FOR RES. AND TECH. DEVELOPMENT (Specific Programmes) CO-OPERATION Fostering collaboration between industry and academia to gain sustainable leadership in key technology areas 10 Thematic Priorities IDEAS Supporting individual basic research at scientific frontiers European Research Council ! Fortalents By talents PEOPLE Supporting mobility and career development for researchers both within and outside Europe Marie Curie Actions CAPACITIES Helping develop the capacities that Europe needs to be a sustainable knowledge-based economy SME Research/Research Infrastructure/RoK/INCO/Policy Research THE CRADLE OF CREATIVITY (AND DISCOVERY)

16. EUROPEAN RESEARCH COUNCIL ONE OF THE KEY INSTRUMENTS TO REALIZE THEGOALS OF FP7:THE “IDEAS”SPECIFIC PROGRAMME BY PROMOTING EXCELLENCE IN ALL AREAS OF SCIENCE BY COMPETITIVE FUNDING, SOLELY ON THE BASIS OF EXCELLENCE BY SUPPORTING GROUP RESEARCH BUT INDIVIDUALS TOO (FIRST OF ALL YOUNG RESEARCHERS, HIGH RISK, INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH) WITH MINIMAL BUREAUCRACY. OPEN ON GLOBAL SCALE! EARLY STAGE INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATOR SCHEME ESTABLISHED INVESTIGATOR GRANT SCHEME MASTERED BY ERC AND ITS SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL

17. The ERC principles researcher • Frontier research based solely on excellence • Open competition of outstanding individuals (talents) • of all nationalities and ages • willing to move, stay and do research in Europe(*) • (*) minimum 50% time in Europe, 30% time on project • Europe = 39 countries of European Research Area (ERA) • Generous funding for ambitious projects (up to €2 mil / €3.5 mil) • No quotas per country/region, gender, etc. • All fields supported: 3 Domains from humanities to engineering proposal

18. STRATEGIC AIMS OF ERC Boost European excellence in "Frontier Research" • by investing in the best researchers and ideas • through competition at European level • on the basis of scientific excellence as the sole criterion • raising incentives towards quality and aspirations of individual researchers • providing benchmarks and leverage towards broader (structural) improvements in European research THIS IS PART OF THE BROADER VISION OF FP7

19. Success scales with country’s R&D investment(grants to nationals) NB: small numbers, log scale R2=0.97

20. European High Education Area (EHEA) Important instrument: the Bologna Process Recommendations and reforms under ten action lines Bologna Follow-Up Group (BFUG) – examining how EHEA might develop after 2010 • The process should remain voluntary • There should be a legal framework for the EHEA • Future priorities: • Consolidation of current activities for recognition of qualifications and lifelong learning • Increased staff and student mobility • Increased use of the Diploma Supplement

21. EIT AND SOME HOPES AND EXPECTATIONS The EIT should : • Have an impact across the whole of the EU • Be financially viable • Be attractive to potential partners The role of the business sector (SMEs & Large firms) : Private companies should be involved not only as funding (contracting) sources but alsoas full partners. New approaches to science and innovation : • Interdisciplinarity, a new way of working and pulling diverse resources.. (thefocus should be more on the borders, rather than the core of existing disciplines). • Awide range of topics need to be covered • Within this contextsocial and human studieshave a place in the EIT.

22. ON RESEARCH PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONS 40% OF TOTAL COSTS OF PUBLIC SECTOR R&D IN EUROPE FOCUS ON LONG TERM VISION OF SOCIETAL NEEDS ENGINES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION WITH PROFESSIONAL OPERATIONAL STRUCTURES, WORLD CLASS INFRASTRUCTURES, EXCELLENCE AS THE BASIS OF OPERATION, KNOWLEDGE SHARING (INCLUSIVE WITH INDUSTRY) and BROAD INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AS AN RPO 38 RESEARCH INSTITUTES IN ALL FIELDS OF SCIENCES HAS SUPPORTED RESEARCH GROUPS AT UNIVERSITIES STRONG INVOLVEMENT IN TEACHING (DOCTORAL SCHOOLS, BUT REGULAR COURSES TOO)

23. OECD REVIEW ON HUNGARIAN SCIENCE Hungary has built a solid core of high-quality scientific research, produces quite good scientific output at costs well below the European average, and has some promising examples of co-operation between business firms and publicly funded public research organisations in some industries and regions (Budapest, but also locations such as Debrecen and Szeged). The participation of knowledge institutions (mainly the universities and the Academy of Sciences, which plays a major role in the Hungarian research landscape) in innovation activities has improved but remains insufficient.

24. PROPOSED STRATEGIC TASKS AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES -Raise the R&D and knowledge intensity of the Hungarian economy broadly -Strengthen Hungary’s knowledge infrastructures. -Predictable, evidence-based policy. -Effective governance. -Evaluation and accountability. -A comprehensive approach to fostering innovation. -A participatory approach to priority setting. -Balanced policy mixes. -Quality, relevance and critical mass in public research. -International openness.

25. LISBON  EU 2020 SMART, SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH FOCUS ON GRAND CHALLENGES BY CHALLENGING NEW IDEAS- MOVING FRONTIERS,SUPPORTING BLUE SKY RESEARCH WITH ERC RESPONSIBILITY,MOBILITY, NETWORKING AND MORE JOINT INFRASTRUCTURE. FLAGSHIP INITIATIVES(7): INNOVATIVE UNION; MOBILITY OF THE YOUNG GENERATION; HIGH SPEED INTERNET; RESOURCE EFFICIENCE; SUPPORT OF SME-s; NEW SKILLS AND JOBS; FIGHT AGAINST POVERTY. BUT BUDGET DEFICIT IN THE EU AND IN MOST OF THE MEMBER COUNTRIES! LET US WORK TOGETHER TO REALIZE THESE GOALS!

26. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!