CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE

1. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE

2. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • MUST CONTAIN THE ELEMENT CARBON • MOST CONTAIN THE ELEMENT HYDROGEN • MANY CONTAIN OXYGEN AND NITROGEN • INORGANIC COMPOUNDS • IF A SUBSTANCE IS NOT ORGANIC, THEN…

3. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST IMPORTANT, AWESOME, AMAZING INORGANIC COMPOUND THAT MATTERS THE MOSTEST?

4. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • WATER – THE IMPORTANT INORGANIC COMPOUND • THE MAJORITY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES CAN OCCUR ONLY IN WATER!! • UNDERSTANDING THE PROPERTIES OF WATER BECOMES ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTANDING THE PROPERTIES OF LIFE

5. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE • REGIONS WITH PARTIALPOSITIVE AND PARTIALNEGATIVE CHARGES • BECAUSE OF THISPOLARITY, WATER HASSOME UNIQUE PROPERTIES

6. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • WATER PROPERTIES INCLUDE • COHESION • SURFACE TENSION • ADHESION • CAPILLARITY (CAPILLARY ACTION)

7. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • CARBON OFFERS INCREDIBLE FLEXIBILITY IN THE FORMATION OF COMPOUNDS • THERE ARE 4 MAJORGROUPS OF ORGANICCOMPOUNDS

8. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • FOUR MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • CARBOHYDRATES • LIPIDS • PROTEINS • NUCLEIC ACIDS

9. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • CARBOHYDRATES • COMPOUNDS OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN • ALWAYS HAVE THE SAME RATIO OF HYDROGEN TO OXYGEN (2:1) • MONOSACCHARIDES(SIMPLE SUGARS) • CHEMICAL NAMES OFSUGARS ALMOST ALWAYS END IN “-OSE”

10. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS • THE PROCESS BY WHICH MOLECULES CAN BE BONDED TOGETHER • OCCURS THROUGH THE REMOVAL OF A WATER MOLECULE AND FUSING THE RESULTING SUBSTANCES TOGETHER

11. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS • WHEN JOINING TWO MONOSACCHARIDES TOGETHER, THE RESULTING MOLECULE IS CALLED A DISACCHARIDE

12. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS • WHEN MULTIPLE SIMPLE SUGARS ARE JOINED TOGETHER THE RESULTING MOLECULE IS CALLED A POLYSACCHARIDE

13. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • IF MOLECULES CAN BE FUSED TOGETHER, THEY MUST ALSO BE ABLE TO BE BROKEN APART • THIS PROCESS IS CALLED HYDROLYSIS

14. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • LIPIDS

15. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • LIPIDS • CONSIST OF THE SUBSTANCES COMMONLY CALLED FATS, OILS, AND WAXES • CONSIST OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN…HOWEVER, NOT IN THE SAME RATIO AS CARBOHYDRATES • FORMED THROUGH THE FUSION OF GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACID MOLECULES

16. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • LIPIDS

17. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • LIPIDS • SATURATED VS UNSATURATED FATS

18. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • LIPIDS • CHOLESTEROL • A SPECIAL TYPE OF LIPID

19. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA VS RNA • SUBUNITS ARE CALLEDNUCLEOTIDES • WILL DISCUSS THIS MORE IN FUTURE CHAPTERS

20. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • PROTEINS • COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN NITROGEN, ALONG WITH CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN • THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS ARE CALLED AMINO ACIDS(A.K.A. PEPTIDES)

21. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE

22. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • PEPTIDES CAN BE FUSED TOGETHER BY… • DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS • RESULTS INDIPEPTIDES • RESULTS INPEPTIDEBONDS

23. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • SINCE THERE ARE 20 AMINO ACIDS, AND THEY CAN BE PUT TOGETHER IN ANY COMBINATION WHEN FORMING POLYPEPTIDES, THE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE PROTEINS IS HUGE!! • THEREFORE, THEY SERVE ENDLESS FUNCTIONS!!

24. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS IS WHEN THEY ACT AS ENZYMES!!!!!! • ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS, BUT NOT ALL PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES.

25. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • ENZYMES • PROTEINS THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR MOST OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN LIVING CELLS • ACT AT ORGANIC CATALYSTS • A CATALYST IS A SUBSTANCE THAT SPEEDS UP A CHEMICAL REACTION WITHOUT BEING CHANGED ITSELF

26. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • ENZYMES • THE SUBSTANCE THAT THE ENZYME REACTS WITH IS CALLED THE SUBSTRATE • WHAT DO YOU NOTICE ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE?

27. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • HOW ENZYMES WORK? • ACTIVE SITE • SPOT ON ENZYME WHERE SUBSTRATE BINDS • TWO THEORIES ON ENZYME ACTION • LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL • INDUCED FIT MODEL

28. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL • SUBSTRATE’S SHAPEMATCHES EXACTLY WITH ACTIVE SITE OF ENZYME • THEREFORE, ONLYONE SUBSTRATE CAN EVER REACT WITH AN ENZYME • THEY ARE HIGHLYSPECIFIC!!

29. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • INDUCED-FIT MODEL

30. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • ENZYMES ARE ESSENTIAL FOR LIVING THINGS BECAUSE THEY MAKE METABOLIC PROCESSES POSSIBLE • SO, WE SHOULD KNOW MORE ABOUT ENZYMES!!

31. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTION • CONCENTRATION OF EITHER SUBSTRATE OR ENZYME • TEMPERATURE • PH • PRESENCE OF COENZYMES

32. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYME ACTIVITY

33. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • REMEMBER, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE!!

34. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • THERE MAY BE MILLIONS OF BUILDING BLOCKS

35. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE • BUT ONLY PUTTING THE RIGHT ONES TOGETHER IN THE RIGHT WAY, WILL BUILD A LIVING THING!! • UP NEXT, LEARNING ABOUT WHAT THOSEBUILDING BLOCKSHELP MAKE!!