Chemical Compounds

1. Chemical Compounds

2. Content Standards SC1. Students will analyze the nature of matter and its classifications. • Predict formulas for stable ionic compounds (binary and tertiary) based on balance of charges. SC2. Students will relate how the Law of Conservation of Matter is used to determine chemical composition in compounds and chemical reactions. • Apply concepts of the mole and Avogadro’s number to conceptualize and calculate • Empirical/molecular formulas, • Mass, moles and molecules relationships, • Molar volumes of gases. SC3. Students will use the modern atomic theory to explain the characteristics of atoms. • Discriminate between the relative size, charge, and position of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom. • Use the orbital configuration of neutral atoms to explain its effect on the atom’s chemical properties.

3. Chemistry Lesson Planner

4. Characteristics Standards SCSh2. Students will use standard safety practices for all classroom laboratory and field investigations. • Follow correct procedures for use of scientific apparatus. • Demonstrate appropriate techniques in all laboratory situations. • Follow correct protocol for identifying and reporting safety problems and violations. SCSh3. Students will identify and investigate problems scientifically. • Suggest reasonable hypotheses for identified problems. • Collect, organize and record appropriate data. • Graphically compare and analyze data points and/or summary statistics. • Develop reasonable conclusions based on data collected. • Evaluate whether conclusions are reasonable by reviewing the process and checking against other available information. SCSh4. Students will use tools and instruments for observing, measuring, and manipulating scientific equipment and materials. • Develop and use systematic procedures for recording and organizing information. • Use technology to produce tables and graphs.

5. Characteristics Standards (cont.) SCSh5. Students will demonstrate the computation and estimation skills necessary for analyzing data and developing reasonable scientific explanations. • Consider possible effects of measurement errors on calculations. • Recognize the relationship between accuracy and precision. • Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data, using scientific notation where appropriate. • Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple algebraic formulas as appropriate. SCSh6. Students will communicate scientific investigations and information clearly. • Write clear, coherent laboratory reports related to scientific investigations.

6. Big Ideas • The mole • Classification of Matter • Balance of Charges • Conservation of Matter • Law of Definite Proportions • Safety • Measurement Errors

7. Enduring Understandings • Students understand that • The mole is the quantitative basis for comparing substances. • Elements chemically combine in set ratios. • Percent composition of a compound is also based on the substance’s mole-to-mole ratio. • The valence shell electrons predict a substance’s chemical properties. • Elements chemically combine in ratios that yield a total charge of zero. • Safety considerations are critical to a student’s understanding of science. • Errors in measurement have a major effect on the validity and accuracy of scientific investigations.

8. Essential Questions • Why is it important to compare compounds quantitatively? • Why is it important to know why compounds combine in set ratios?

9. Skills Safety Data collection, analysis, and reporting Critically review procedures Measurement Errors Precision vs Accuracy Scientific Calculations Scientific Writing/Reporting Knowledge The Mole Concept The Law of Conservation of Matter The Law of Definite Proportions Skills and Knowledge

10. Students will know… • The mole represents a specified quantity of atoms, particles, or molecules. • Substances can only be compared quantitatively through the use of the mole concept. • Elements chemically combine in specific mole to mole ratios. • The number of valence electrons predict the charge of the ion formed. • Ions of opposite charges form ionic bonds.

11. Students will be able to… • Collect, analyze, and report data collected from a guided inquiry exercise. • Write a clear laboratory report including • Discussion of theory • Procedure • Data collection and analysis • Discussion of errors • Conclusions that evaluate the results of an activity in terms of theoretical concepts.

12. Students will be able to… • Calculate, using proper units and significant figures, empirical and molecular formulas, including conversion to whole number ratios. • Calculate percent compositions of compounds. • Use the relationship of valence electrons to ions formed. • Write formulas based on balancing ionic charges.

13. Empirical Formula Laboratory Magnesium Oxide lab Experimentally determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide by heating magnesium ribbon in a crucible. • Using the mass of the magnesium oxide formed and the amount of original magnesium ribbon, calculate the empirical formula for magnesium oxide. • Repeat procedure. • Obtain data from two other lab groups and perform statistical analysis to calculate the percent composition and empirical formula of magnesium oxide. • Write the lab report to include an overview of the mole theory, a discussion of the procedure, the type of reaction that occurred, important observations and conclusions, complete calculations (dimensional analysis, significant figures, etc.), and formula names and formulas in the analysis of the experiment. Be sure to relate results and observations to an explanation of how an atom’s electron configuration affects its ratio to another element when they chemically combine.

14. Characteristics of Science Conclude Hypothesis Theory Variable Measure SI units Data Inference Infer Compare Predict Interpret Analyze Relate Significant figures Scientific notation Calculate Observe Describe Experiment Accuracy Precision Content Atom Element Electron Chemical property Compound Valence electrons Ionic Covalent IUPAC nomenclature Matter Law of conservation of mater Mole Chemical reaction Percent composition Empirical formula Molecular formula Chemical equation Language Science Students Should Use