Islam

1. Islam Chapter 11 Sections 1 & 2

2. Trade • Much of early near Eastern life was based on trade. • The city of Makkah (Mecca) was one of the richest trading cities of its time. • Caravans played an important part in the development of trading. • Caravan is a group of traders and their animals

4. Makkah Grows • As well as being a trading center, Makkah became an important religious center. • They had a large stone which is believed to have come from Heaven. • This stone is housed in the Kaaba.

5. Muhammad: The prophet of Islam • Muhammad had a very humble start. • He became a caravan master and a very important person in the community. • He married and had children but was not happy with his life. • He began to go to the hills surrounding Makkah to pray. • While there, he was visited by an angel.

6. Muhammad Receives a Command • The angel told Muhhamad to teach Islam. • Islam an Arabic word meaning surrendering the will of Allah. • He began a crusade to spread the word of Allah. • Allah-The Arabic word for God. • His family was among the first converts but they were among the only early ones to accept his teachings. • Eventually for their safety they left Makkah to go to Yathrib.

7. The Hijrah • This is the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Yathrib. • Yathrib welcomed Muhammad and changed their name to Medinah • Medina means “city of the prophet”

8. Muhammad’s Government • Muhammad was made leader of Medinah. • He applied the laws given to him by Allah. • He set out building an army. • They conquered Makkah and made it the holiest city in Islam. • Two years later Muhammad was dead but the religion grew.

9. The Quran • The Holy text of Islam • The Quran is viewed as the word of Allah. • It instructs Muslims how to live a good and just life. • The five pillars of Islam form the basis of Islamic life.

10. Shahadah • This is a statement of belief. • Muslim must declare their belief in Allah and the validity of Muhammad's teachings.

11. Salat • Formal prayer done five times a day facing Makkah.

12. Zakat • Charity • Giving to the poor

13. Ramadan • A period of fasting lasting one month.

14. Hajj • A trip to Makkah at one point in your life.

15. Islam Spreads • The Caliph was the successor to Muhammad following his death. • This was a title given to the head of the religion and was filled by several different people. • The religion exploded in terms of numbers of followers in the years following Muhammad.

17. Islam Splits • Arguments over who should Caliph divided the religion as soon as Muhammad died. • The two major groups are the Sunnis and the Shiites (Shi’a) • The divisions began as political but have become more fundamental over time.

19. Islamic Empires • The desire to spread the religion prompted the Muslims to build an empire. • Kingdoms were established as far east as Indonesia and as far west as Timbuktu in West Africa. • The Ottoman and Mughal Empires appear later in Asia Minor and India.

20. Spread of Islam

21. Ottomans were found in Asia Minor around 1200. They captured most of the Byzantine Empire and by 1453 had captured the city of Constantinople. Suleiman I was the most famous of the Ottoman Sultans. Mughals were in India and appeared c.1500’s. Akbar was the most famous Mughal ruler. Shah Jahan was a very important Mughal ruler. Later Empires

22. Created banking as a way of keeping track of trade. Cities were established to provide trade locations. These generally had mosques. The bazaar was another important aspect of Muslim towns. This was the marketplace. Goods from all parts of the world were found in these bazaars. Muslim Contributions

23. The Bazaars • This demand for goods also encouraged new techniques, especially in farming. • Nuts, grains, and fruits were very commonly found in the marketplaces. • Flowers were grown for perfumes.

24. Muslim Society • Muslims could not enslave other Muslims so the slave class came from prisoners of war. However most of them could buy their freedom. • The position of women varied based on their local culture. Some women had close to equal rights while others were forced to cover their faces and wear long robes, called a burqa.

25. Muslim Achievements • Muslims created early universities. They staffed them with people with differing viewpoints. They were instrumental in saving much classical work. • They created Algebra, and credited with our numbering system, today called Arabic numerals.

26. More Achievements • Created the Astrolabe used for navigation. • Worked with many metals, discovering their properties. This is the basis of chemistry. • One of the first people to understand blood flow in the body. As well as understanding communicable diseases.

27. Muslim Medicine • Islamic doctors created detailed anatomical charts. • They also encouraged doctors to search for the causes of diseases not just treatment of them.

28. Omar Khayyám is most famous for The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám. This is a long poem written in quatrains. He is also well known as an astronomer and a mathematician. Ibn Khaldun was a great historian who is credited with modernizing historical study. He is most famous for his theory of the rise and fall of civilizations. Muslim Authors

29. The1001ArabianNights • One of the most famous works to come from this period is the Arabian Nights. • Tells the stories of Sinbad the Sailor, Ali Baba and Aladdin.

30. Architecture • Mosques have minarets. This is a structure that a crier climbs to top of. From there he calls the Muslims to prayer.

31. Alhambra Palace in Spain