GINA – GNSS FOR INNOVATIVE ROAD APPLICATIONS:

1. GNSS for INnovative road Applications GINA – GNSS FOR INNOVATIVE ROAD APPLICATIONS: GINA Project Outcomes 28/06/2011

2. GINA – GNSS FOR INNOVATIVE ROAD APPLICATIONS GINA PROJECT INFORMATION

3. PROJECT DATA • GINA: EC funded project through FP7 call 1, coordinated by GSA authorities • GINA: R&D project in the GALILEO applications area building up on the results from previous projects such as ADVANTIS, GIROADS, etc… • GINA key points: • Collaborative Project • 2 years length • 2.2 M€ (~1.3 M€ funded) • 12 partners from 7 EU countries • GINA project main goals: • Context and market Analysis • RUC application demonstrator at • nationwide scale • Disemminationefforts contributing to • GNSS introduction in the electronic payment for infrastructure use • It is intended as anotherstep to bring forward the real use of GNSS systems and EGNOS/GALILEO in the ITS roaddomain applications. • Methods, definitions and resultsachievedcould lead closer to massmarket introduction of these applications in the roaddomain. GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

4. GINA PROJECT STRUCTURE • WP1 – Management & Quality • Overallprojectmanagement and support to FP7 coordination • Partnerscoordination and milestonesmonitoring • WP2 – Analysis of applications & services • Currentstate of the art roadpricingtechnologyanalysis, userrequirements, standards and regulatoryframework • Systemarchitecturedefinition • Preliminarymarketbusiness plan and feasibility • WP3 – Trials • Trials definition, planning & prototypedevelopment and customization • Trials execution • Trials resultsevaluation & analysis • WP4 – Conclusión and disemination activities • Business & exploitation plan • Dissemination of projectresults (paper, events, congress, articles, etc…) GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

5. BACKGROUND • Current Status: • Road User Charging applications both for interurban roads or urban charging areas are a reality in several different places • It is expected that these kind of schemes will spread through all european countries in the short to mid term • GNSS based systems are already a competitor with regard to traditional DSRC systems, like in the case of German TollCollect or future French ECOTAX with great benefits in terms of flexibility and efficiency, and cost saving for big nationwide schemes • GNSS based systems allows the introduction of other Pay Per use applications within the same on board unit used for RUC • Obstacles: • The technical and economical feasibility of a large scale, GNSS-only road pricing system is not yet proven (alternatives versus GNSS are being considered by authorities) • The benefits related to congestion and pollution management are not yet fully understood • The user interest and market potential for Pay-Per-Use and VAS are not yet fully understood • The potential of VAS running on a road pricing platform has not yet been proven as well as the use of the same Onboard Equipment shared for different applications • While having very impressive average accuracy, the GPS system lacks for guaranteed performances what implies a risk for the adoption of this technology. In addition, GPS receivers are strongly affected by reflection of signals especially in urban environments that also provoke large errors that may have direct impact on the charging computation. • GNSS adoption has not yet been fully leveraged in road applications with clear public benefits such as tracking and tracing of dangerous goods, persons in coaches and livestock The GINA project intends to address these obstacles and bring GNSS road pricing and road VAS a step closer to maturity GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

6. GINA CONCEPT & OBJECTIVES GINA project main goal is to advance the adoption of GNSS systems, and in particular EGNOS and Galileo, in the road sector considering the technical feasibility of the concept on a large scale, its economic viability and positive impacts in aspects such as congestion and pollution, as a general scope • GINA Project key objectives: • The analysis of the context (legal, regulatory, interoperability, standardization) affecting a nation wide GNSS-based road pricing solution (and VAS running on same platforms) • The thorough market and business potential analysis for the applications (Road pricing + VAS), to base a commercially feasible large scale adoption of the solution • To acquire valuable operational information only accessible thanks to the implementation to the fully operational implementation of a large-scale demonstrator of GNSS-based Road Pricing at national level and VAS. The demonstrator will be fully based on the planned ABvM system being defined by the Dutch Government and carried out in the Netherlands with real users. • To liaise with related standardization activities aiming at contributing to the standardization of GNSS-based road charging • To demonstrate the benefits of EGNOS in enhancing the end-to-end performance in a GNSS road pricing solution and GNSS-based road applications • The GINA project will address a theoretical analysis of the benefits of authentication of GNSS signal against fraud and device tampering, given the importance of both authentication and integrity as the basis on which liability-critical applications • To perform the necessary evaluation to understand service provisioning aspects: how the same technical infrastructure can be shared by different applications GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

7. Error GNSS BASE INTEGRITY IN ROAD PRICING • Use of Geo-fencing process based on POSITION INTEGRITY to ensure reliability of Road User Charging scheme) key for GINA project architecture (concept introduced for Civil Aviation SoL for which EGNOS is designed) • Computation of position + bounding of position error (with a very high probability ~99.99%) • Vehicle charged only when 1 or more PLs (=error boundaries) totally inside the geo-object=> geo-fencing based on PLs (not just on calculated position). • Highly reliable geo-fencing process precluding wrong identifications GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

8. GINA – GNSS FOR INNOVATIVE ROAD APPLICATIONS GINA PROJECT WPs

9. GINA WORK PACKAGES STRUCTURE GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

10. GINA PROJECT DELIVERABLES GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

11. GINA – GNSS FOR INNOVATIVE ROAD APPLICATIONS WP1 – WORK & RESULTS

12. WP1 INFORMATION GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

13. WP1 RESULTS • Overall Management of the projectachievedaccording to deadlines in the Project Management Plan • Minordelays in End2End trialsdeployment and somedocumentsdelivery date • Project extension of Threemonthsrequiredduetotrialsstartdelay • Coordinationtaskswithinconsortiumpartnersachievedduring the project • Support to GSA FP7 coordinationactivitiescarriedout at costumerrequest • GINA documents & deliverablesdistribution • GINA attendance to workshops & eventsfromother FP7 projects • GINA informationdissemination • Deliverablesfrom the projectdelivered and finished • Differentevents & workshopsorganizedsuccesfully in coordinationwith WP4 • Requiredmeetings, progressreports, deliverables and eventscarriedoutsuccesfully GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

14. GINA – GNSS FOR INNOVATIVE ROAD APPLICATIONS WP2 – WORK & RESULTS

15. WP2 INFORMATION GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

16. WP2 RESULTS GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

17. WP2 GINA SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE • GINA Architecture in compliancewithcurrentstandardsfrom CEN studiedby WP2 • User requirementsadded to the preliminaryarchitecturedefined • Dutch privacy concerns impended the use of some planned VAS services • Back office toolsprovided for users, to checkinvoices, and trips data & VAS services GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

18. GINA – GNSS FOR INNOVATIVE ROAD APPLICATIONS WP3 – WORK & RESULTS

19. WP3 INFORMATION GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

20. FOTS GINA DESCRIPTION • Real Implementation of demonstrator for EFC+VAS application based in GNSS technologies • Nationwide scope (The Netherlands) • Real usersdriving in real lifesituations • Performance measuredagainst User real requirements (Dutch ABvMscheme) • Severaldifferenttests and analysescarriedout • Technical, operational and marketgoalsanalysis in the differentfeaturesprovidedby the system • GNSS based EFC/RUC applications performance demonstration • ValueAdded services (VAS) provisionrunning in the sameplatformthatmain EFC module • GNSS performance for RUC+VAS applications validation • Addedvalueprovidedby EGNOS (GALILEO) and complementarytechnologiessuch as INS (CANBUS), Integrityprovisionwithrespect to GNSS solution • GNSS systemsevaluationmethodologyanalysis • Maintrialsdescription key points • Proof of concept trails for Enforcement & VAS implementation trialscarriedoutseparately in Portugal. GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes 06-09/06/2011 ITS Europe, Lyon (France)

21. EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS CONCEPT • GINA EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS: • Evaluation of GNSS system peformance in terms of Position, Distance and PLs calculation • Different configurations to be tested for results comparison • GNSS • GNSS + EGNOS (SISNET) • GNSS + CANBUS • GNSS + CANBUS + EGNOS (SISNET) • Two different vehicles operated by different Companies (GMV & Navteq) • Use of different defined geobjects with different definitions to test OBU performance • One vehicle subject to pre planned challenging routes (GMV) and other vehicle following its daily routes (Navteq) • 1. GNSS OBU • 2. GNSS ReferenceSystem • 3. EvaluationRoutes • 4. GeobjectsDefinition GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

22. EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS ROUTES • Exhaustive trials completed successfully • A minimum of 20 repetitions for each of the three routes performed • Some minor route alterations had to be performed due to unforeseen road works / closures • Data transferred from the OBU to the back office for post-processing • Data analysis carried out Route 1 – Motorway, urbanRoute 2 – UrbanRoute 3 – Urban, motorway AmsterdamTheHague Rotterdam Large motorway section with some small roads in urban environment. Some tunnels Large number of narrow streets and numerous turns in urban roads Urban roads. Some tall buildings and urban canyons. Some tunnels GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes PREPARATORY MEETING FOR WORKSHOP#1

23. EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS GEOBJECTS Official Geo-bjects Alternative Geo-objects • Different sets of geobjectscreatedforanalysispurposes • Official geobjects, adaptedtoroadnetworktopologyforbetter performance • Alternativegeobjects, smallcorridors and segmentsadjustedto roa • Up to 51 differentgeo-objectsused in theexhaustivetrials (GMV) betweenofficial, alternative and chargingareas • Allthegeobjectsweresplittedbetweenthethreeproposedroutes, eachroutewith a mix of geobjectsthatwouldallowforresultsevaluationforeachgeo-objecttype • Navteq vehiclesresultsgeobjectsdefineddifferently, mainlycharging reas in urbanlocationsduetolack of repetability of routesbynavteqvehicle • End2End geobjectscomprised 4 charingareas in Utrecht, Den Haag, Nijmegen and Eindhoventogetherwithseveralmotorwaysegmentsestimatedtobeusedbythe drivers (no information of journeysorstarting places duetoprivacylaws) GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

24. EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS RESULTS – GMV VEHICLE I Absolute position accuracy error (global) Relative Distance accuracy error (global) • OBU data shows thatdistanceestimationerrors are below 0.33% forallthefourconfigurationstested, and evenlowerihthe 50th percentil • Odometer (CANBUS) enhancedconfigurations show thebestbehaviourwithvalues of 0.23% distance error in the 95th percentil and even 0.05% in the 50th percentil, forallthescenarios, eventhosewith dense urbanenvironment • Position accuracy shows bestresults in theoverall data for GNSS and GNSS+CANBUS configurations, about 17 meters error forthe 95th percentil in theoverall data, with EGNOS enabledconfigurationshowingslightlyhighererrors in theoverall data (butbetterresults in otherscenarios) GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes XI Congreso ITS España, Barcelona

25. EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS RESULTS – GMV VEHICLE II Key requirement from a RUC real scheme • Geo-objectmethodologydefinitionconsideredkeyfor GNSS based RUC applications performance • 100% of Geobjectsdetectioneventsforofficialdefinedoneswith 0% of wrongidentificationforallgeobjects • Distancedeviation error under 1.65% of the total distancetravelled, with <0.1% of wrongcomputeddistance in theofficialgeobjects • Resultsfortheoverall data, withallthethreeroutes in differentscenarios and dense urbanenvironments • Alternativegeobjects shows worse performance and resultsthanofficialones • Great number of alternativegeobjectsnotdetected • Over 50% of distancetravelledwithingeobjectsnotcomputed • Results are not in compliancewithexpected figures in Dutch scheme GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes XI Congreso ITS España, Barcelona

26. EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS RESULTS – GMV VEHICLE III Charging error relative errors for two different methodologies • Twodifferentmethodsemployedfordistanceestimationwithingeobject • Distanceaveragebetweenallthepointsdetectedinsidegeobject • Distancebetweenfirstpointinside and firstout of thegeobject • Secondmethodologyemployed shows bestresultsfordistance and charging • errors • Overallchargingerrorsforallconfigurationbelow 0.74% in worst case, with no overchargingevents in anyjourney • Odometerbasedconfigurations shows theleastpercentage of largeerrors, with EGNOS oneshavinglessoverallunderchargingvalues • Charging results are in line withrequirementsfrom real userschemelikethe Dutch ABvM ABvM requirements compliant. GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes XI Congreso ITS España, Barcelona

27. EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS RESULTS – GMV VEHICLE IV Horiz Protection Levels value Relative Charging Error results Absolute position accuracy error • Oneanalysiswasperformedapartfromtheoverall data, with a small set of data from a motorwaysection in open environment in ordertoasses EGNOS peformance in theseareasseparatefrommainanalysiswiththegoal of evaluation EGNOS MOPS performance • GNSS+EGNOS configurationshowedthebestresults in terms of possition accuracy with 3 meterserrorsfor 95th percentil againstaverage 6 metersfor GNSS only • HPL valuesfor GNSS+EGNOS lessthan 15 metersfor 99th percentil with 3x310-4 relatedIntegrityriskagainstoverall 30-35 metersforrest of configurationswith GNSS only • Thecharging error forthissectionwithinlimitsdefinedbyABvMwithless error than in otherscenarios (overall -00.7 and -0.15% forallconfigurations and 0.21 / 0.38% forthe 95th percentil GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes XI Congreso ITS España, Barcelona

28. EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS RESULTS – NAVTEQ VEHICLE Navteq Vehicle routes Navteq Vehicle Geobjects • 1 month trial with Navteq controlledvehicle, following normal workroutesduringmappingcampaing • GNSS only and GNSS+EGNOS configurationstested • Vehicleequippedwithreferencesystem • Additionalinformationrelatedto OBU solution performance in more interurbanenvironmentwithregardto GMV vehicle • Geobjectsuseddefined as mainroadsegments and municipalitieschargingareasdue teste routesnature GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes GINA Workshop #2, Lyon

29. EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS RESULTS – NAVTEQ VEHICLE II Relative Distance Error EGNOS HPL values Relative Charging Deviation RAIM HPL values GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

30. EXHAUSTIVE TRIALS RESULTS – NAVTEQ VEHICLE CONCLUSIONS • Distancedeviationvaluesover 6% error withregardto GMV vehicleaprox 1%, measuredonlyforeachjourney (1 daylong) • Position accuracy hadbestresultsthan in GMV vehicleover 10 metersless error. GNSS+EGNOS configurationsshowedbestresultswith 7 metersagainst GNSS 11 in the 95th percentil • EGNOS integrityriskabout 1.35% comparedto 19.5% in GMV vehicle, EGNOS peformancemuchbetterthan GNSS onlyconfiguration in NAVTEQ trials. • HPLsvaluesover 16 meterscomparedto more than 20 meters in GMV vehicleforthe 95th percentil • Geo-objectsdetectioncorrectlyby 2 configswith -1.37% distance error insidethem (GNSS) and -1.42% (GNSS+EGNOS). In • Charging Deviation for Navteq vehicleaprox -1.69% (GNSS) and -1.72% (EGNOS) • Lack of repeteability in thejourneys and routesdon’tallowforconclusivedecisionsbutoverallresults are in line withrequirements as in GMV vehicle • EGNOS peformance in open environments is againdemonstrated, the MOPS worksbetterthan GNSS onlyforHPLs, accuracy and Integrityrisk in thesekind of environments GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

31. END2END TRIALS SUMMARY • End-to-End trials were delayed due to difficulties with producing 100 OBUs for participants • 97 OBUs were produced (of those 91 installed) • Only GNSS and GNSS+EGNOS configurations enabled • All OBUs were installed in participating vehicles driven for 6 months • Geo-objects • 4 Municipalities identified as charging zones – large geo-objects • Utrecht • Den Haag • Rotterdam • Nijmegen • 17 Corridor segments GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes GINA Workshop #2, Lyon

32. END2END TRIALS RESULTS (I): End2End total figures • Non controlled environment with individual drivers with different driving areas & behaviours • There was no guarantee that participant would enter the defined geo-objects. • There would be variability in how each participant travels through a defined geo-object. • Reference length of geo-objects could only be obtained from digital maps introducing slight errors • Geo-objects could only be of a certain type to allow assessment of distance travelled within (a road segment with only one entry one exit point). • Environmental impacts on the quality of GPS / EGNOS signal were unknown • Overall GNSS availability over EGNOS availability but September and November SISNET service shortaged led to download coupled with some GPRS problems in several OBUS but most o OBUS provided EGNOS availability values between 88 and 95% against GNSS values GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes GINA Workshop #2, Lyon

33. END2END TRIALS RESULTS (III): Tariffs applied Geobject usage per Hour Charging accuracy per Geobject • Full set of different tariffs defined per corridor, charging area, day of the week and hour of the day • Geobject usage during the day and zones show volunteers driving patterns and behaviour • Charging accuracy always under the actual distance (no overcharging) , except for one of the areas • Digital maps use for estimating distance introduced slight errors in charging accuracy and deviation GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

34. END2END TRIALS RESULTS (II): Time To First Fix Results Charging Distance Deviation Results Continuity gaps distribution HPL GPS/EGNOS distribution GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes GINA Workshop #2, Lyon GINA Workshop #2, Lyon

35. END2END TRIALS CONCLUSIONS II Main Results – “Soft analysis” Main Conclusions from responses to questionnaire • Lack of communication regarding benefits of GINA (due to being a pilot) led to an apparent lack of interest in paying for services • Limitations of a trial • High penetration is needed to have an impact • Participant responses seem to reflect the contextual situation in the Netherlands • VAS services need to be sufficiently different from similar services currently available for free form the internet Main Conclusions from responses to questionnaire • Tendency to be willing to pay to use less congested roads • Perceived benefit? • User appears to be satisfied with currently available navigation technology • Willing to use EGNOS/Galileo if no reduction in quality of service • Regular contact with users regarding benefits of a scheme. GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

36. GINA – GNSS FOR INNOVATIVE ROAD APPLICATIONS WP4 – WORK & RESULTS

37. WP4 INFORMATION GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

38. WP4 DISSEMINTATION SUMMARY • GINA Dissemination material elaborated: • Web page (www.gina-project.eu) • Brochures, leaflets, banner • Quarterlynewsletters & pressreleases at key projectmilestones • Up to 49 differentarticles, papers and communications for congressesorpressreleases (Inside GNSS, ThinkginHighways, etc.. • Two validation workshopsorganizedby the project • Workshop #1 – Exhaustive Trials result. Brussels (Belgium). 1 October 2010 • Workshop #2 - GINA Project final results. Lyon (France). 9 June 2011 GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

39. WP4 BUSINESS & EXPLOITATION - SERVICES Private Business BasicPackage HW Smart OBU without GUI Smart OBU without GUI Services EFC E-CALL EFC E-CALL Add-On HW Wireless GUI Wireless GUI Services Fleet Management/Tracking and Tracing Theft management Traffic info system Navigation services/ active re-routing Theft management Traffic info system Navigation services/ active re-routing • GINA Service Provider offer has been structured as a basic package with a set of add-on services (VAS) that can be purchased separately • Two customer segments have been identified: Business (i.e. commercial vehicles) and Private (i.e. passenger cars) GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

40. WP4 BUSINESS & EXPLOITATION – MARKET PLAN • In order to define a progressive penetration plan, fivegeo-clusters have been defined using the following criteria: • Geo-adjacency and Trans European Network (TEN-T) priority axis • Actual Road Charging scheme • Upcoming Road Charging projects • Area 1- Central-Southern EU: Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Austria • Area 2 -Benelux & Great Britain:Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, UK, Ireland • Area 3 - Northern Europe:Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania • Area 4 - Eastern Europe:Poland, Czech Rep., Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria • Area 5 - Mediterranean Island:Greece, Malta, Cipro Area 3 Area 2 Area 4 Area 1 Area 5 GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

41. WP4 BUSINESS & EXPLOITATION – COST/BENEFITS ESTIMATION NPV* EBITDA @2030 EBIT @2030 Positive FCF Base Case 485 M€ 257 M€ 212 M€ @2021 Base case plus (+10 % penetr.; +5% price) 729 M€ 309 M€ 264 M€ @2019 Best case (-30% Comm. cost 1.167 M€ 412 M€ 367 M€ @2018 Best case plus (-30% Comm. cost; free OBU from 2021) 1.606 M€ 531 M€ 486 M€ @2018 Low Penetration (-30 % penetr.) 32 M€ 147 M€ 102 M€ @2022 Worst case (-20 % penetr.; -10% price) 29 B€ 161 M€ 116 M€ @ 2022 GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

42. WP4 BUSINESS & EXPLOITATION – CONCLUSIONS & NEXT STEPS Conclusions: • Significant business opportunity with a good profitability in the long term (EBITDA at regime condition about 20% of Revenues) with two major issues: • Long break-even period that requires a significant start-up financial stress (cumulative FCF positive after 10 years) • High Sensitivity to price change • Monthly end-user fees are by far the most important source of revenues: toll chargers % fee have a very limited impact • Largest cost items are Telco costs followed by OBU related costs: • Likely to decrease (best case scenarios very probable) • Alliance with Technology and Telco providers is key • Value Added Services represent a good opportunity to enlarge the business beyond toll collection service Next Steps: • Customizationof the general Business Planconducted so far for a specificpotential service provider • Detailedanalysiswith Service ProvidersofspecificValueAddedServicestobeofferedas a bundle or on demand GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

43. GINA – GNSS FOR INNOVATIVE ROAD APPLICATIONS: CONCLUSIONS

44. GINA PROJECT CONCLUSIONS The GINA project has tried to address the strengths of European GNSS and to identify weaknesses to be tackled as a next step. The project conclusions will shed some light on still open points associated to the use of GNSS for Road User Charging while paving the way to the adoption of GALILEO on the road sector • GINA Project key milestones and results are the followingones • Planning and execution of large demonstratorstrials in the Netherlands • GNSS based application systemarchitecturedefinition and development in compliancewith EETS definedrequirements as stated in the CEN 17575 standard. • Exhaustive Business & Exploitation plan for the proposed GINA solution for EETS providers • Extensive Dissemination campaign, with 31 differenteventsattended, 49 publications in specializedpress and magazines, twodedicatedworkshopswithrelevantstakeholders and web page providinginformation online • Contributed to the implementation & validation of GNSS based RUC applications • Evaluated the benefits of EGNOS/GALILEO over current GNSS solutions for RUC applications • As a general conclusion, GINA has proposed a GNSS-based technology (geo-fencing based on position integrity and supported by the use of CANBUS odometer) which is suitable for: • different charging schemes (both discrete and continuous (distance-based) RUC) • Road and urban environments • With no need of the use of a cartography • Using a simple and cheap Onboard Unit • Offering guaranteed performance • Suitable to be implemented in different OBU architectures, either Thin, Fat or Smart • Satisfying the performances framework defined by a system as demanding as the Dutch ABvM GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

45. GINA TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS GINA D1.5 Project Outcomes

46. Thank You!!