GINA

1. GNSS for INnovative road Applications GINA GNSS for INnovative road Applications : ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES 03/09/2009 2nd GNSS Vulnerabilities and Solutions Conference, Baška, Krk Island, Croatia

2. CONTENTS • Introduction • The GINA project approach and innovation • The use of integrity in road pricing • The project trials • Conclusions GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

3. GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES INTRODUCTION

4. INTRODUCTION (I) • Growth in passenger car fleet in UE + PND “boom”=>applications beyond navigation possible • Big challenges in the road sector: • Safety • Infrastructure financing • Congestion and pollution • Different applications • Road Pricing • Value Added Services: Pay As You Drive (PAYD), info-mobility etc. • Still obstacles for large scale take off of these services • Large scale GNSS-based Road Pricing technical and economical feasibility not proven yet • Need to understand benefits related to congestion and pollution management • Need to demonstrate the potential of VAS running on same platform • GPS performances GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

5. GINA will address the adoption of EGNOS/GALILEO in the road sector considering the technical feasibility of the concept on a large scale, its economic viability and positive impacts on congestion and pollution INTRODUCTION (II) • Electronic Fee Collection systems (urban and highways) are operational today and will be common practice in EU in the future • GNSS is a competitor technology wrt DSRC with clear advantages due to its flexibility and cost-efficiency for wide networks: • German Toll Collect: today • Dutch national scheme (ABvM) y UK; Congestion Charging in London and others under definition (France, Sweden, Slovakia...) • Still some questions concerning the large scale deployment of a GNSS-only based road pricing system and other value added services • GINA will address these obstacles and will progress in bringing GNSS-based Road Pricing and VAS a step closer to maturity GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

6. GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES THE GINA PROJECT APPROACH AND INNOVATION

7. THE GINA PROJECT APPROACH AND INNOVATION(I) • GINA: project co-funded by GSA/EC, FP7 GALILEO Call 1, coordinated by GMV • Collaborative Project, Activity: Exploiting the full potential, Area: Mass Market Applications, Topic: GALILEO-2007-1.1-01 Innovative GNSS-based Road Applications • GINA: • Collaborative Project • 24 months • 2.2 M€ (~1.3 M€ funded) • 12 partners from 7 countries, whole value chain coverage GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

8. THE GINA PROJECT APPROACH AND INNOVATION(II) • GINA main objectives: • Analysis of the context (legal, regulatory, interoperability, standardisation) of a nation-wide GNSS-based RUC (and VAS on same platform) with especial emphasis on market and business potential aspects for a commercially feasible solution • Trials: implementation of a large-scale demonstrator of GNSS-based Road Pricing at national level and VAS (PAYD for car leasing companies and traffic information generation, modelling and provision) using the Dutch ABvM as a reference • A solid dissemination strategy. • Not another proof-of-concept: progress in the adoption of the use of GNSS (EGNOS, Galileo) in the road sector • EGNOS OBUs calculating positions with integrity (validated in CLoCCS, ABvM) • Demonstration of “real” applications: ABvM and end users (ARVAL) requirements • Proposed solution close to commercialization and subject to be adopted and replicated in other countries • 1 OBU –multiple services GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

9. GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES THE USE OF INTEGRITY IN ROAD PRICING

10. THE USE OF GNSS FOR ROAD USER CHARGING GNSS allows for flexibility and cost-efficiency in large-scale RUC schemes • 2 major challenges: • Satellite positioning originally developed for situations where user is assisted by technology – In contrast, a charging scheme less likely to be treated friendly by users • Inherent weaknesses in satellite positioning: in some applications (e.g. navigation) mitigated with human information processing in automated systems (e.g. tolling) legal implications • =>challenge of using navigation grade components for financial grade systems GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES 03/09/2009 Page 10

11. GP2 GP4 GP1 CordOn GP0 GP5 GP3 Virtual Gantry Segment CHARGING SCHEMES AND “GEO-OBJECTS” • Different Charging Schemes identified (distance based, time-based, zone based….) • In all schemes a basic first step is to identify whether the vehicle is using the infrastructure -> “geo object” which, when vehicle is inside, triggers the charging: • Cordon; Virtual Gantry; Segment • Geo-object identification to define total fixed charge (London) or special tariffs(e.g. price per kilometer in the Dutch system) • GNSS (alone or combined with other sensors) is also used in distance based systems (to measure the distance driven) The Geo-object identification is critical: Incorrect identification can have and impact in the charge computation GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

12. GNSS Position Error Example of not fulfilment Real Position Error GNSS Position Example of not fulfilment Real Position MISSION REQUIREMENTS Thus, the basic use of GNSS is to identify whether (and when) the vehicle is within the geo-object. Potential use also as measurement of travelled distance In this approach two main mission requirements appear: What are the numerical values associated to those requirements? • A high percentage of the vehicles that are within the geo-object have to be identified as such: charging AVAILABILITY • An extremely low percentage of the vehicles that are not within the geo-object can be identified as within the object: OVERCHARGING probability GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

13. THE REQUIREMENTS (EFC) • No overall consensus • EC EFC documentation reviewed by Expert Group 9 (11/2006): • Charging Availability: “ … geo-objects are guaranteed to be successfully recognised with a success rate of at least 99.99%.” • Overcharging Probability: “False recognition of a geo-object should be less than 1 in 106” • Second one is much more demanding: figure itself and affects a potentially larger population (not the users but all vehicles in the proximity)!!! • System has to be specially designed to satisfy it. GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

14. Satellite failures: • 15 satellite failures per year in average • Some of these errors provoke errors of about 100’s of metres (!) at some European locations. GPS BASED POSITION ERRORS GPS has very good average performances but some factors affect the resulting errors: • NLOS Multipath:in urban and semi-urban environments multipath provokes large errors (> 100 m with probability >0.1%) • Interferences (deliberate or non-deliberate) / Spoofing • Ionosphere GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

15. Avoiding overcharging requires specific mechanisms to compensate large position errors. Two solutions: Error Error • POSITION INTEGRITY • Errors are bounded by the computed Protection Level. Large PLs indicate large position uncertainty. • Simple solution. Truly GNSS-only system. Protection Level SOLUTIONS TO AVOID OVERCHARGING Real position GNSS solution Introduction of additional sensors and/or roadside infrastructure: complex and expensive • Specific algorithms needed in the Rxr • Low Cost OBU(<100€) GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

16. APPLICATION OF GNSS TO ROAD CHARGING Vehicle is charged only when inside the geo-object: 1 or more PLs totally inside the geo-object=> geo-fencing based on PLs (not on calculated position) I-10 OBU (GMV allroad) to be used in GINA will calculate positions with integrity (PLs computation) based on specific algorithms. Additionally all requested functionalities (e.g. Communications, geo-fencing in “fat” and “smart” architectures, etc.) GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

17. GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES THE GINA PROJECT TRIALS

18. THE TRIALS (I) • Implementation of a large scale demonstrator at national scale (in Netherlands) for RUC and VAS (PAYD for car leasing companies and traffic information generation, modelling and provision) • 2 levels: • Exhaustive performance analysis: conclusions wrt EGNOS/Galileo performance (as compared with very accurate references) in terms of GNSS performance, distance measurement, GEO objects identification, charging performance, vs. Other systems (GPS or other technologies) [specially end-to-end charging performances as compared with existing requirements of ABvM (mainly charging accuracy and overcharging probability)] • End-to-end performance analysis: an overall assessment of the capabilities of the system from different perspectives and an exhaustive analysis for variables where a reference is not needed. GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

19. THE TRIALS (II) • Implementation and evaluation of a cost-efficient enforcement mechanism (ANPR) GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

20. GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES CONCLUSIONS

21. CONCLUSIONS • Great challenges in the road sector: safety, finacing, congestion & pollution • Satellite navigation has advantages wrt other technologies for RUC (flexibility and low cost) but GPS has some weaknesses. • Integrity of position: a flexible and efficient mechanism for correct charging and protection of the user against overcharging • GINA will implement a totally operational large-scale demonstrator of a road pricing (+VAS) scheme in the Netherlands (future ABvM) => main reference for future projects. • Dutch ABvM: much more demanding that Toll Collect or other schemes: all vehicles, all roads => results will be a powerful tool to show GNSS potential to key stakeholders and decision makers (Dutch Government, authorities etc.) • Exhaustive performance analysis • Compliant with European standards, regulatory framework and interoperability guidelines • 1 OBU – multiple services • Special emphasis on market potential and business model analysis GINA: ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF EGNOS/GALILEO FOR ROAD USER CHARGING AND VALUE ADDED SERVICES

22. Thank you! Sara Gutiérrez Lanza GMV - sgutierrez@gmv.com Peter VermaatTRL- pvermaat@trl.co.uk