WWI Notes

1. WWI Notes

2. World War 1 Was the greatest war ever fought in human history up to that point • So large and disastrous that it was often called “the war to end all wars” • Though it began as an European conflict, it eventually grew into a global war involving 32 countries • The United States was able to stay out of the war and maintain a policy of neutrality until 1917

3. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was elected by promising to keep Americans out of WWI. • By 1917, 3 German actions against the U.S. caused Wilson to change his mind:

4. 1. The Zimmerman Telegram A secret telegram from Germany to Mexico was discovered. In it, Germany pledged to help Mexico regain territory (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona) in exchange for Mexican support in WWI.

5. 2. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- by the middle of the war, Germany enacted a policy that stated that any ship, even ships from neutral countries, found in the water of hostile nations would be attacked German U-Boats

6. 3. The sinking of the Lusitania- In May of 1915, a German submarine sunk a British passenger ship, the Lusitania, killing hundreds of civilians, including 128 Americans. Several American ships were sunk from February-March 1917

7. The United States had had enough. In 1917, she entered the war as an ally of France and Britain (Allied Powers) and fought against the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire).

8. WWI- “The Great War” • WWI was the first war to see tanks, airplanes, submarines, and chemical warfare. • The death toll on both sides of the conflict is estimated at 10 million • The Allied powers were victorious against the Central powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire).

9. The Germans signed an armistice (peace treaty) on Nov. 11, 1918 • Called the Treaty of Versailles, was extremely harsh on Germany- Germany took the blame for the war, gave up land, and paid heavy reparations to Allies (compensation for wrongdoing).

10. Georgia’s Contributions to WWI • Initially, Georgians were rather indifferent to the events of World War I. • When the U.S. entered WWI on April 6, 1917, war sentiment shifted to one of panic, suspicion, and support. • Over 3000 GA soldiers died in Europe, and over 100,000 Georgians took part in the war effort

11. Georgia’s Contributions to WWI • Food Industry: Commercial canning plants to process canned peaches and sweet potatoes were opened (boosting agriculture AND industry in GA); Meat packing plants were opened in Moultrie, Atlanta, Augusta, and Savannah • Textile mills made fabric for military uniforms; large demand from the government boosted the textile industry in GA

12. Georgia’s Contributions to WWI • Georgia opened more military training camps than any other state: Fort McPherson, Fort Oglethorpe, Camp Gordon, Camp Benning, Camp Stewart, Fort Screven, and arsenals at Augusta and Camp Hancock • Georgia housed foreign prisoners of war for the U.S. government at Fort McPherson and Fort Oglethorpe

14. Georgia’s Contributions to WWI • At home, Georgia citizens bought war bonds and grew “victory gardens” to help supply troops • Victory Gardens- meant more food for troops • War Bonds- a way for the federal government to make money for war; citizens feel patriotic

15. Create a poster Create poster encouraging Georgia citizens to participate in the war effort. Encourage them to Plant a Victory Garden OR Buy War Bonds These posters usually depict images of citizens being patriotic or powerful by participating MUST BE COMPLETELY COLORED. LITTLE WHITE SPACE. LOTS OF COLORS.

16. 1. Promised to give Mexico land in the U.S. in return for support for Germany in WWI 2. Treaty that ended WWI under harsh penalty for Germany 3. How Georgia participated in WWI 4. Alliance made up of Great Britain, France, Serbia and the U.S. 5. British ship sank by Germany, killed 128 Americans A. Military camps; industry and agriculture promoted war effort; victory gardens and war bonds B. Allies C. Lusitania D. Versailles E. Zimmerman Telegram

17. Great Depression Notes

18. During the “New South Era,” farmers in Georgia were encouraged to diversify rather than continue dependence on cotton. Before changes were made, disaster struck in 1914.

19. 1. The Boll Weevil: destructive insect that laid eggs in cotton plants; as larvae mature, the insect devours the cotton bolls. -The insect was first swept into GA in 1915 in dust clouds from the West (Texas). By the early 1920s, it had destroyed nearly 2/3 of GA’s cotton crops -Georgia cotton farmers went from producing “5.2 million acres of cotton in 1914 to 2.6 million acres in 1923.”

21. 2. The 1920s Drought: A severe drought struck Georgia and the Southeast from 1924-1927 -The 1920’s drought was the worst drought in Georgia history. The year 1925 was the year “you could walk across the Chattahoochee River.”

22. 3. Migration of Farmers: -The boll weevil catastrophe and drought made it difficult for farmers to survive. -In the late 1920s, many farmers (black and white sharecroppers and tenant farmers) moved to cities in search of jobs -Called the Great Migration

23. EFFECTS ON GEORGIA -Boll weevil catastrophe forced Georgia to diversify economically. Cotton ceased to be the primary agricultural product. -Due to the population movement into cities, Georgia’s manufacturing continued to develop, though it was slowed by the Great Depression -These events caused Georgia to suffer from economic depression long before the Great Depression affected the rest of the country.

24. Other Economic Factors Leading to the Great Depression

25. Troubled times in Georgia throughout the 1920s were followed by a national economic disaster that lasted from 1929-late 1930s: The Great Depression • The Great Depression was the longest period of high unemployment and low economic activity in modern history. • The Stock Market Crash of 1929 ended a period of economic growth experienced by the rest of the country (Roaring 20’s).

26. 1. Bank Failures: -During 1920s-30s, there was no insurance protecting deposits. -If enough bank customers withdrew money, they bank would run out, causing bank failure -After the stock market crash, many banks failed and people lost their life savings. -Surviving banks became hesitant about making loans, which slowed down purchasing power of businesses and individuals.

27. 2. Reduction in Purchasing: -Consumers stopped purchasing goods in response to the Stock Market Crash of 1929. -Industries lowered production rates and laid off workers due to decreased labor needs. -Consumers have no jobs and no money to put back into the economy

28. -More products created than needed by consumers -Consumers stopped purchasing goods (in this case, due to the Stock Market Crash of 1929) -Industries lowered production rates and laid off workers due to decreased labor needs. -Consumers have no jobs and no money to put back into the economy

29. 3. Overproduction of Agriculture Products: -In the 1920s, Midwestern farmers produced record numbers of agricultural products. -This led to huge drops in prices and limited profits for farmers. -Farmers lowered production and destroyed crops to raise prices -A major drought hit the Midwest, causing the Dust Bowl, and thousands were driven from their homes in search of work (adding to unemployment) -Dust Bowl- period in Midwest characterized by drought, gigantic dust storms, and major agricultural damage.

30. Check- 1. Instead of relying exclusively on cotton, agricultural experts encouraged GA farmers to ___________. 2. GA’s cotton industry was severely hurt by the __________ insect. 3. From 1924-1927, GA experienced a ________, receiving the lowest amounts of rain-fall in recorded history. 4. The hardships experienced by farmers resulted in a _____________ of workers to cities.

31. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA SS8H8c Describe Eugene Talmadge’s opposition to the New Deal Programs.

32. Governor Eugene Talmadge • In his 1930’s gubernatorial campaign Talmadge told voters that they had only three friends in the world: • “the Sears Roebuck Company, • God almighty, and • Eugene Herman Talmadge of Sugar Hill, Georgia.”

33. Governor Eugene Talmadge • First, was Commissioner of Agriculture • Campaigned as strong advocate of farmers • With rural support and help of the county unit system, he won the governorship in 1932 and 1934 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfcBxPLfP_Y • County unit system ruled unconstitutional for violating the “one man, one vote” rule

34. Eugene Talmadge and the New Deal • Opposed FDR’s New Deal programs: • 1) opposed to programs that helped blacks • 2) opposed federal relief programs that paid blacks as much as whites • 2) opposed federal spending and federal regulation

35. Eugene Talmadge and the New Deal • Because of term limits, he was unable to run in 1936 but won re-election in 1940 • As governor this time he made a decision (to force the removal of two faculty members who supported integration) that ultimately cost UGA its accreditation • Led to Talmadge’s loss in the next election

36. Eugene Talmadge and the New Deal • Because of term limits, he was unable to run in 1936 but won re-election in 1940 • As governor this time he made a decision (to force the removal of two faculty members who supported integration) that ultimately cost UGA its accreditation • Led to Talmadge’s loss in the next election

37. SS8H8d Discuss President Roosevelt’s ties to Georgia, including his visits to Warm Springs and his impact on the state. Franklin D. Roosevelt First came to Georgia on business Learned of potential curative qualities at Warm Springs and came for treatment of his polio. Georgians strongly supported him Witnessed first-hand Georgia’s poverty in the 1920’s and 30’s Many of his New Deal programs clearly influenced by his experiences in Georgia

38. SS8H8d Discuss President Roosevelt’s ties to Georgia, including his visits to Warm Springs and his impact on the state. Franklin D. Roosevelt During his fourth term, he died while at Warm Springs Today the Roosevelt Warm Springs Rehabilitative Center cares for those suffering from polio, stroke, spinal cord injuries, and other disabilities. His home at Warm Springs is called the Little White House and is maintained by the Department of Natural Resources.

39. SS8H8e Examine the effects of the New Deal in terms of the impact of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural Adjustment Act, Rural Electrification Administration, and Social Security Administration. 3 Goals of the New Deal • Relief: immediate help for the needy, jobs for the unemployed, protection for farmers from foreclosure • Recovery: get the economy moving again • Reform: regulate banks, abolish child labor, conserve farm lands

40. SS8H8e Examine the effects of the New Deal in terms of the impact of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural Adjustment Act, Rural Electrification Administration, and Social Security Administration.President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal March 1933: country is virtually leaderless, banking system has collapsed FDR Inaugural address: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself….”

41. Concerns About the New Deal - policy of deficit spending (spending more money than government receives in revenue) - FDR felt this was a necessary evil that had to be used to help fix economic crisis - supported by British economist John Maynard Keynes - opposite of laissez-faire - Added to national debt - Wasted money on relief