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The Elements of Music

The Elements of Music. Chapters 1 - 9. Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color. Pitch- The high or low quality of sound Dynamics- The loud or soft quality of music Tone color- Also known as timbre , refers to the unique quality of sound. Dynamics. Forte--f,ff,fff-loud

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The Elements of Music

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  1. The Elements of Music Chapters 1 - 9

  2. Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color • Pitch- The high or low quality of sound • Dynamics- The loud or soft quality of music • Tone color- Also known as timbre, refers to the unique quality of sound

  3. Dynamics • Forte--f,ff,fff-loud • Piano--p,pp,ppp-very soft • Mezzo---mf,mp--medium • Crescendo--gradually louder • Decrescendo,diminuendo--gradually softer

  4. Women’s Voices Soprano Mezzo-soprano Alto Men’s Voices Tenor Baritone Bass Voices

  5. Orchestral Instruments: Stringspictures on p. 13-14 • Violin- highest pitched of string family • Viola- medium pitched, takes role of supporting actor • Cello- larger and lower pitched than viola, held between knees • Bass- largest and lowest pitched of string family, played while standing • Harp-47 strings and 7 foot pedals

  6. Orchestral Instruments: Woodwindspictures on p. 17-19 • Piccolo- highest pitched • Flute- blown across tone hole • Oboe- highest pitched of double reeds

  7. Orchestral Instruments: Woodwinds • English horn- low oboe sound • Clarinet- single reed • Bassoon- lowest pitched of the double reed instruments, aka “clown” of the orchestra. Produces deep, nasal tone • Saxophone- made of brass, single reed

  8. Orchestral Instruments: Brasspictured on page 21 • Trumpet- highest pitched of the brass family • French horn-not as bright as a trumpet, consists of coiled tubing and is often used for hunting calls • Trombone- incorporates a movable slide to change pitches • Tuba- the lowest pitched of the brass instruments

  9. Orchestral Instruments: percussionpictured on pp. 22-23 • Pitched percussion instruments • Timpani: large kettle drums • Glockenspiel: metal bars hit struck with mallets • Xylophone: wooden bars struck with mallets, producing a dry brittle sound • Celesta: small upright piano that sounds like a glockenspiel • Chimes: a set of metal tubes hung from a frame which are struck by a hammer

  10. Orchestral Instruments: Percussionpictured on pp. 23-24 • Unpitched percussion instruments • Bass drum • Snare drum • Cymbals • Gong • Triangle • Tambourine

  11. Orchestral Instruments: KeyboardsPictured on pp. 26-27 • Piano: keys activate hammers that hit strings • Harpsichord: keys activate plectra which pluck the strings • Pipe organ: keys control valves that channel air through various pipes

  12. RhythmThe flow of music through time; the pattern of durations of notes and silences in music • Beat - the pulse of music • Meter- the grouping of beats • Tempo - the speed of the beat (pg. 34) • Accent - a pitch that is played more loudly, held longer or is higher in pitch than the nearby notes • Syncopation- When an accented note comes where we would normally not expect it

  13. Tempo Markings

  14. Tempo Markings • Molto-much • Non troppo-not too much (fast or slow) • Accelerando- gradually faster • Ritardando- gradually slower

  15. Music Notation • Notating pitch • Staff: the five lines and four spaces on which music is written • Note: an oval which represents a specific pitch • Clef: placed at the beginning of the staff, the clef assigns pitch names to the lines and spaces (pg. 36)

  16. Music Notation (cont.) • Notating Rhythm • Durations: the color of the note and the presence of stems or flags and beams and dots affect the duration of a note (pg. 37) • Rests:symbols for pauses with specific durations (pg. 36)

  17. Music Notation (cont.) • Notating meter • Time signature: placed next to the clef, the top number of the time signature indicates the grouping of beats and the bottom number indicates what kind of note will receive one beat.

  18. MelodyA succession of pitches which add up to a recognizable whole • Intervals: the distance between two pitches • Sequence: the repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch • Cadence: a resting spot

  19. Harmonythe vertical aspect of music • Chord: a combination of three or more notes sounded simultaneously • Consonance: harmony that is stable and restful to the ear • Dissonance:tense and unstable harmony that demands onward motion to stable harmony (resolution)

  20. Key - Tonalitythe homing instinct of music • Major scale: a succession of eight pitches arranged from low to high, based on the intervals of the white keys of a piano (pg. 46) • Minor scale: a succession of eight pitches arranged from low to high, based on a specific pattern of whole and half steps which results in a dark quality of melody and harmony

  21. Key-Tonality (cont.) • Chromatic scale: a series of 12 pitches based on the black and white keys of the piano • Modulation: the shifting from one key to another

  22. Texturelayers of sound • Monophonic: a single unaccompanied melody line • Polyphonic: two or more independent melody lines happening simultaneously • Homophonic: melody plus accompaniment

  23. Musical Formthe shape, structure and organization of music • Binary form: AB • Ternary form: ABA • Rondo: ABACAD… • Theme and Variations:A A’ A’’ A’’’ A’’’’… • Ballad form: AABA • Strophic:stanzas or verses • Call and response

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