PARTS OF SPEECH, WORDS, CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS

1. PARTS OF SPEECH, WORDS, CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS DR. ANEEQA AHSAN

2. A MUST FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS

3. GOALS and OBJECTIVES • Display a functional understanding of English for everyday use as well as for an effective business environment • To overall improve oral/spoken and written English language • Have an understanding of contemporary styles and formats of writing for business communication

4. Parts of Speech • Learning about the parts of speech is the first step in  grammar study just as learning the letters of the alphabet is the first step to being able to read and write • From learning the parts of speech we begin to understand the use or function of words and how words are joined together to make  meaningful communication. •   To understand what a part of speech is, you must understand the idea of  putting similar things together into groups or categories.

5. Categories

6. Categorize the following things: a) violin b) hammer c) drums d) piano e) guitar a) hammerb) sawc) violind) screwdrivere) wrench

7. 8 Parts of Speech • Noun • Pronoun • Adjective • Adverb • Conjunctions • Interjections • Verb • Preposition

8. THE FUNCTION OF “WORDS” • FORM A SENTENCE TO CONVEY MEANING • SOME GIVE NAMES TO THINGS ( IDENTITY ) • OTHERS DESCRIBE THINGS ( ABOUT ) • OTHERS TELL WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM ( ACTION )

9. WORD STUDY A word is a linguistic unit that can be moved around relatively freely in a sentence; can be stressed; can be pronounced naturally on its own.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS By level of usage Common words Literary words Colloquial words Slang words Technical words

11. Common words Common words are connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically neutral, hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. For example: far, away, joy, happy

12. Literary words Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. In English, most of the literary words are of French, Latin or Greek origin. Many of them have their everyday synonyms. For example,far(remote,distant),happy (gleeful,gay,hilarious), cast (throw), edifice (building), endeavor (try), purchase (buy), etc. More examples: recognition, distinction, inclination…

13. Colloquial words In contrast with literary words, colloquial words or expressions are used mainly in spoken English, as in conversations amongst friends and colleagues. They can also be used in informal writings, but are inappropriate in formal speeches or writings. They are marked colloq. or informal in dictionaries. Such as: kid, guy, fellow, gay…

14. Slang words being often used by uneducated speakers , with dialectal words being highly informal , vivid and interesting Slang is defined as language, words or phrases of a colorful (playfully jocular; humorous), or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. The chief reason for the formation and use of slang expressions is to secure freshness and novelty. A slang usage is not generally used in formal conversation unless the speakers are on intimate terms; slang embraces those daring and new expressions that have not been accepted by the majority of people as Standard English. Eg: Smoky, bear (police) Nut, bean, block (head)

15. Technical words Most of these technical terms are Latin or Greek in origin. In fact, they are part of literary words. Most of the technical words remain essentially foreign to outsiders, even to educated native speakers. However, under the influence of radio, television, newspaper and the Internet, we are witnessing a remarkable breakdown of the barrier between technical and common words. Many technical words created yesterday by specialists are today heard in ordinary conversation, e.g. moonwalk, space shutter, gene, transgenic, clone, etc.

16. SMALL EXERCISE Feeling fatigued , Tom retired early. Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early. John was dismissed for petty thieving. John was fired for petty thieving. Penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced. You have got to pay fines for overdue books. They approved of the plan. They agreed to the plan.

17. NOUN Word that names A Person An Idea A Thing A Place Kinds of noun; common and proper, singular and plural;

18. VERB A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement. A verb is often defined as a word which shows action or state of being. The verb is the heart of a sentence - every sentence must have a verb. Recognizing the verb is often the most important step in understanding the meaning of a sentence. In the sentence :The dog bit the man, bit is the verb and the word which shows the action of the sentence.  In the sentence: The man is sitting on a chair, even though the action doesn't show much activity, sitting is the verb of the sentence. 

19. PRONOUN The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. Personal Pronouns : I, me, mine you, your, yours she, her, hers, it, its we, us, our, ours they, them, their, theirs myself yourself Indefinite Pronouns anybody, each other, no one, someone, one, etc. Interrogative Pronouns who, whom, what, which, whose Demonstrative Pronouns this, that, these, those

20. ADJECTIVE The Adjective Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun . Eg; Is that a wool sweater? Just give me five minutes. Did you lose your address book? Answers these questions: What kind? Which? How many?

21. ADVERB The Adverb Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb is usually defined as a word that gives more information about a verb, an adjective or another adverb Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and adverbs in terms of such qualities as time, frequencyandmanner Sue runs fast Sue runs very fast

22. Most, but not all adverbs end in -ly • ugly is an adjective • supply and reply can both be nouns or verbs • Many times an adjective can be made into an adverb by adding -ly as in nicely, quickly, completely, sincerely

23. Adverbs of time tell when something happens and adverbsof frequency tell how often something happens

24. PREPOSITIONS A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence as a noun. The word or word group that the preposition introduces is its object . Eg; They received a postcard from Bobby telling about his trip to Canada. The preposition never stands alone ! preposition always has a noun and a pronoun. Examples; You can press those leaves under glass . Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news. It happened during the last examination.

25. The preposition is almost always before the noun or pronoun and that is why it is called a preposition.  The preposition and the object of the preposition together are called a prepositional phrase

26. CONJUNCTION A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words. and or but either/or neither/nor

27. INTERJECTION The interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses emotion For example: Goodness ! What a cute baby! Wow! Look at that sunset!

28. THE SENTENCE IS THE BASIC UNIT OF COMPLETE MEANING • DECLARATIVE SENTENCE Makes a statement • INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE Asks a question • IMPERATIVE SENTENCE Gives a command • EXCLAMATORY SENTECE Expresses feeling • Write down ONE example of each of the above

29. NOUN – THE CORE OF A SENTENCE • GIVES INFORMATION ABOUT THE NOUN • ASKS FOR INFORMATION ABOUT THE NOUN • CONVEYS FEELINGS ABOUT A NOUN • TELLS A NOUN TO DO SOMETHING

30. THE BODY OF THE SENTENCE • THE SUBJECT ( A NOUN – PERSON OR THING) • THE PREDICATE ( SAY SOMETHING ABOUT THE SUBJECT) I expect my first day at the Iqra university is a memorable one. Meera and Miral are sisters yet they are so different. The trees in Lahore are very green and fresh. Maintaining a positive approach in life will always get you through. The cackling of geese saved Rome. (EXTRACT THE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE FROM THE ABOVE )

31. THE POSITION OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE • THE SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE MOSTLY COMES BEFORE THE PREDICATE • BUT, SOMETIMES THE SUBJECT IS PUT AFTER THE PREDICATE Attaining heaven is the reward of being an honest person. Down went the rebels.

32. TO FIND OUT THE SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE, ASK : • WHO • WHAT • WHICH • WHY

33. THE SENTENCE WITHOUT A SUBJECT !!! Sit down. Do not even think of being late. Please pass the mushrooms.

34. THE PHRASE • A SENSELESS GROUP OF WORDS LACKS A MEANING • LACKS THE COMPONENTS OF A SENTENCE • WHEN ADDED TO A SENTENCE AUGMENTS ITS MEANING My overdrawn bank account The car in the garage c. The papers on my desk

35. NOUN PHRASE/ PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE • ADJECTIVAL PHRASE • ADVERBIAL PHRASE THE PHRASE TYPES

36. WHEN TWO OR MORE SENTENCES ARE COMBINED TO FORM A LONGER SENTENCE, THEY CEASE TO BE CALLED SENTENCES AND, IN RELATION TO THE LONGER SENTENCE OF WHICH THEY BECOME PART, ARE KNOWN AS CLAUSES, EACH WITH A SUBJECT AND PREDICATE OF ITS OWN. • DISTINCT PART OF A SENTENCE THE CLAUSE

37. He had a fortnight’s holiday. He went to Spain. He did not enjoy himself. PLEASE FORM ONE SENTENCE BY COMBINING THE ABOVE THREE THE CLAUSES

38. He had a fortinght’s holiday and (he) went to Spain, CLAUSE 1CLAUSE 2 but (he) did not enjoy himself. CLAUSE 3 THE CLAUSES

39. THE CLAUSE TYPES • LIKE PHRASES, CLAUSES MAY SERVE AS NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

40. CONJUNCTIONS - LINKERS A WORD THAT LINKSWORDS, PHRASES AND CLAUSES

41. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS • CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS • SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS THE CONJUNCTIONS

42. JOIN SIMILAR ELEMENTS IN A SENTENCE: • SUBJECT + SUBJECT • VERB PHRASE + PHRASE COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

43. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION • Always used in pairs • Join similar elements

44. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONEXAMPLES

45. THE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS • MOST COMMONLY USED • LINKS SUBORDINAT CLAUSE TO A MAIN CLAUSE

46. THE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

47. HOME ASSIGNMENT • STUDY THE USE OF CONJUNCTIONS THOROUGHLY • TEST IN NEXT CLASS