Early Colonial Period

1. Early Colonial Period The Planting of English America Chapter 2

2. Essential Question • What happens when cultures collide? Native Americans Africans Europeans

3. Reasons for English Imperialism 1. Unification of Spain threatens England 2. Population Explosion in England Queen Elizabeth I 3. Unification of Great Britain under a Protestant Queen These are explained in the next slides.

4. Reasons for English Imperialism 4. Enclosing cropland 5. Economic depression 6. Woolen districts of Eastern and Western England hardest hit from bad economy. 7. Primogeniture These are explained in the next slides also.

5. Reasons for English Imperialism Irish soldiers The English conquer Ireland. English soldiers learn to hate the “natives” of Ireland through their colonization of Ireland.

6. Reasons for English Imperialism The tactics the English use to subdue the Irish are used against the Indians in North America. The unification of England gave the country an opportunity to explore and conquer other lands. Spain doesn’t like the competition. To make matters worse, the people of Spain and Ireland are Catholic, while England is Protestant.

7. Reasons for English Imperialism England discriminates against Puritans because Puritans do not follow the same version of English Protestant Christianity. Puritans are really eager to leave. England has a population explosion. English throne doesn’t like that because there aren’t enough jobs or farmland. There is no more land to be bought in England. England’s economy is suffering. The economies in the Woolen Districts (sheep farmers) of Eastern and Western England are hardest hit. This is where Puritans lived. Puritans were also eager to leave England to make more money.

8. Reasons for English Imperialism They were frustrated with primogeniture. Primogeniture means the first-born gets the parents’ inheritance. These guys were not first-born, so how do they make their fortune? Sir Walter Raleigh Sir Humphrey Gilbert Sir Francis Drake Became English pirates attacking Spanish ships They fought against the Irish after the defeat of Spain they attempted to start English colonies in America.

9. Reasons for English Imperialism The English defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588 Totally sweet for England because now they can solve their economic and social instability at home by colonizing the Americas.

10. The First English Colony: Roanoke (1585) Roanoke is a total flop and everyone disappears. If you find out what happened to the colony of Roanoke you’ll totally have a million Facebook friends. Sir Walter Raleigh establishes the colony of Roanoke.

11. The First Successful English Colony: Jamestown (1607) John Smith becomes the leader. A private company, the Virginia Company, funded the colony (a joint-stock company). The Charter of the Virginia Company is significant because it spelled out the rights of the colonists at Jamestown. It said the colonists were guaranteed the same rights as Englishmen at home. Ironically, this idea helps cause the Revolutionary War!

12. The First Successful English Colony: Jamestown (1607) Burn the villages, torch the cornfields, and kill women and children That is, if you consider starvation and death by Indian attacks successful. John Smith saves the colony from starvation by making everyone work for food. Lord De La Warr uses “Irish tactics” to kill the Indians. John Rolfe, a Jamestown colonist, married Pocahontas and created peace with the Powhatan tribe. He also made tobacco profitable. No one wanted to farm because they were too busy looking for gold!

13. Don’t Believe the Disney Movie! Captain John Smith didn’t‘ get with Pocahontas. John Rolfe marries Pocahontas Pocahontas and son, Thomas Rolfe (one of the first interracial English kids in America).

14. Anglo-Powhatan War of 1622 John Rolfe dies when the Powhatan wage war against Jamestown. Pocahontas died in England from disease a few years earlier. At first, the Powhatans try to use the English as allies against rival tribes. But, starving colonists steal food and land from the Indians and De La Warr ticks off the Indians with his “Irish tactics.” Also, Pocahontas died and disease was taking a toll on the tribes. TIME FOR WAR!!

15. The Second Anglo-Powhatan War In1644 The Powhatan are devastated by this war. They were forced to move away from the white settlements in the Chesapeake area. This is the beginning of what is later called the reservation system. The 3 D’s Disease, disorganization, and disposability prevented the Indians from winning against the whites.

16. Indian Relations with Whites The only remaining powerful tribes in the Appalachian Mountain area were the Creeks, Cherokees, and Iroquois. Iroquois Cherokee and Creeks

17. Indian Relations With Whites The Indian peoples who most successfully adapted to the European conquests were the tribes who lived on the other side of the Appalachian Mountains. The Appalachians served as a buffer or “middle ground.” The Algonquians became really powerful because few whites could get to them and they absorbed fleeing tribes. Appalachian Mountains You stay over there and we’ll stay over here – cool? Algonquian • Horses caused Indian migration to the Great Plains. • Disease and forced migration scrambled together different tribes. • Indian demand for rifles increased Indian competition of hunting grounds in order to trade skins and pelts for guns (Indian-on-Indian violence).

18. France England is late to the colonization game. The struggling English colonies are stuck between a mighty Spanish empire to the South and West and French territory to the North. Even Portugal has way more territory. Maryland was intended to secure religious freedom for Catholics and Protestants (called the Act of Toleration). Puny English territory Virginia had the first representative government, called the House of Burgesses Georgia was supposed to serve as a buffer zone between Spain and South Carolina. Spain Georgia colony wanted to help the poor by abolishing debtors prisons and banned slavery. Portugal Poor whites from Virginia and religious dissenters established North Carolina. South Carolina provided food (rice) for the West Indies as well as Indian slaves. Slavery in America starts here.

19. Slavery • 1619: the first Africans to North America arrive at Jamestown; courtesy of the Dutch. • Were they slaves or indentured servants? Not sure. Slavery is not established in Virginia yet. Plenty of labor from England is available. • The West Indies is where there’s slavery action.

20. The West Indies Sugar is made here. Sugar cane required lots of labor (can you say slavery?). Slaves outnumbered whites 4 to 1 by 1700! Barbados Slave Codes were created to protect fearful whites Many whites moved to Carolina (South Carolina) in 1670 because there was no more land Whites brought their slaves and the slave codes with them (hello slavery in America). A staging area for the slave system

21. The Early Emergence of an American Identity • Quiz yourself! • Can you think of at least 5 events that caused the beginnings of a unique American identity as a result of cultures colliding? • Some answers are on the next slide. Before you look, think about what you saw on the previous slides.

22. The Early Emergence of an American Identity • Indian-white hostilities caused Natives to be removed from their lands. Whites and Indians lived separately. • Poor people seeking freedom from debt and/or to create a successful life on their own came to America • People seeking religious freedom established colonies • The West Indies and the encomiendas created a slave system that migrated to America • The colonists made their own laws in the House of Burgesses in Virginia • Salutary Neglect: England allowed the colonies to do their own thing. • Especially while civil wars were occurring in England (heads were rolling in the palace).

23. Primary Documents to Explore in Class • The starving time in Jamestown • Governor William Berkeley Reports • The Great Indian Uprising • A West Indian Planter Reflects on Slavery in Barbados • A Missionary Denounces the Treatment of the Indians in South Carolina • Religious Strife in Maryland