Effect of Consumer Food Preparation on Acrylamide Formation

1. Effect of Consumer Food Preparation on Acrylamide Formation Lauren Jackson, Ph.D. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition National Center for Food Safety & Technology Summit-Argo, IL IAFP Latin America Symposium on Food Safety Campinas, Brazil May 27, 2008

2. National Center for Food Safety and Technology (NCFST) • Unique research consortium composed of scientists from academia, the FDA, and food-related industries  • Conduct research promoting the safety of the U.S. food supply • Conduct research needed to answer regulatory questions related to food safety • Areas of expertise • Microbiology • Allergens • Chemical Contaminants/Constituents • Food Packaging • Food Processing • Novel Preservation Technologies • Non-Traditional Contaminants (CT) • Nutrition

3. Background • Neurotoxin and potential human carcinogen • JECFA concluded that acrylamide may be a human health concern based on Margin of Exposure (MOE) • First report, Sweden, April 2002 • Found in a wide range of foods, including dietary staples • Potato products • Breakfast cereal • Coffee • Bakery products • Snack foods • Formed through traditional cooking methods (temperatures >120ºC) Top 12 Foods by Mean Acrylamide Intake

4. Background • Formed from asparagine and reducing sugars via Maillard reaction • Found in industrially processed food, home-prepared food, and in foods prepared in food-service/restaurant operations • Exposure from home-prepared foods- not known • Countries/regions differ in food choices and cooking methods • Cultural/ethic factors

5. Acrylamide Research at NCFST Acrylamide Content of Home-Prepared Foods Objectives: • Measure the acrylamide content of home-prepared/finished foods • Examine the effects of cooking conditions on acrylamide formation • Assess the role of ingredient variation on acrylamide content • Evaluate in-home acrylamide mitigation strategies

6. Mitigation Possibilities: • Agronomical • Processing/cooking • Cooking conditions • Control of surface browning • Pretreatments • Fermentation • Recipe/food composition • Final preparation/storage

7. The Challenge: • Product dependent • Retain sensory properties • Flavor • Color • Texture • Safety

8. Agronomical Factors • Reducing sugars are important determinant of acrylamide formation in potato products; Asn important for cereal products • Use cultivars of potatoes that have low levels of reducing sugars • Control storage of raw materials (esp. potatoes) From Amrein et al. (2003)

9. Potato Storage Conditions • Two cultivars of potatoes • Russet • Klondike Rose • Storage Conditions • Room temperature (22-26oC) • Refrigerated storage (6-8oC) • 0 to 4 weeks • Prepared French fries from stored potatoes • 180oC, 3 min • Corn oil • Acrylamide levels greatest in French fries made from refrigerated potatoes

10. Potato Products- Effects of Cooking Conditions • Examined effects frying, baking or broiling conditions (time and/or temperature) on acrylamide formation • Used cooking conditions suggested by manufacturer of French fry product • Examined the effects of oil type and age on acrylamide formation in deep fried French fries

11. Effects of Frying Conditions on Acrylamide Formation • Acrylamide levels increased with frying time and temperature. • At higher frying temperatures, acrylamide levels increased rapidly at the end of the frying run • Better control of cooking process if fry at lower temperatures/longer times • Oil type and age had no effect on acrylamide levels µg acrylamide/kg Oil type

12. Effects of Baking/Broiling Time on Acrylamide Formation • Baked at 232ºC for 16-24 min • Broiled at 260ºC for 10-26 min • AA Levels increased with cooking time • Surface temperatures reached >175ºC in baked French fries • Levels of AA in baked or broiled French fries < AA levels in deep fried French fries Surface Temperature of Baked French Fries

13. Effect of Microwaving vs. Baking Baked vs. microwaved whole potatoes • Russet and Yukon Gold potatoes • Baked/microwaved potatoes until internal temperature reached ~100ºC • Measured acrylamide levels in potatoes by LC-MS

14. Acrylamide Formation in Baked Goods • Most acrylamide found in crust • Acrylamide levels increases with baking time and temperature • Control of acrylamide- reduce surface browning • Fermentation vs chemical leavening Peanut Butter Cookies Chocolate Chip Cookies

15. CONTROL OF SURFACE BROWNING POTATO PRODUCTS • Acrylamide levels increased with degree of browning • Brown color as measured by “L” and “a” values correlated highly with acrylamide levels • Same acrylamide levels found in French fries with similar degree of browning (fried French fries) 76 µg/kg 262 µg/kg 45 µg/kg 516 µg/kg 866 µg/kg 1512 µg/kg

16. Degree of Surface Browning and Acrylamide Levels in Toasted Bread POTATO BREAD

17. Effect of Degree of Toasting on Acrylamide Levels

18. Scraping Toast to Removed Browned Surface Micrograms acrylamide/kg

19. Processing Pretreatments:Washing/Blanching

20. Effect of Frying to Same Surface Color • Russet potato slices • Treatments • Control • Soaked in water for 15 min • Fried in 180oC corn oil • Control- 4 min • Soaked- 5 min, 20 sec • Fried to same surface color- matched “L” value with Hunter Colorimeter

21. RECIPE/FOOD COMPOSITION • Choice of leavening agent (sodium vs. ammonium bicarbonate) • Sugar source • pH • Addition of amino acids/proteins • Asparaginase

22. Conclusions • Mitigation possibilities are product dependent. • Acrylamide level and degree of browning increases with cooking/processing times and temperatures. • Degree of browning is a good indicator of acrylamide formation during cooking or processing in most foods. • Proper storage of potatoes before frying is essential for reducing acrylamide levels. • Acrylamide levels in fried and baked foods (potato- and cereal-based) can be minimized if cooked to golden or light brown in color. • Washing treatments are effective at reducing acrylamide levels in potato products, but only if products are subsequently cooked to golden or light brown color. • Removing darkened portions (scraping) of toast is effective at reducing acrylamide levels

23. Significant Findings

24. Sources of Information on Ways to Reduce Acrylamide Formation/Exposure Consumer • FDA: Additional Information on Acrylamide, Diet, and Food Storage and Preparation http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/acryladv.html • JIFSAN Acrylamide Infonet http://www.acrylamide-food.org/ • Health Canada: Acrylamide- What you can do to reduce exposure http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/nr-cp/2005/2005_stmt-dec_acrylamide2_e.html • HEATOX: http://www.slv.se/templates/SLV_NewsPage.aspx?id=20723&epslanguage=EN-GB Industry • CIAA Toolbox http://www.ciaa.be/documents/brochures/CIAA_Acrylamide_Toolbox_Oct2006.pdf • Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC): Draft Code of Practice for Reduction of Acrylamide in Food http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/intactivit/cf02_08_e.pdf • HEATOX:http://www.slv.se/upload/heatox/documents/D62_final_project_leaflet_.pdf • NORDACRYL:http://www.matforsk.no/web/sampro.nsf/70455f22829e31ddc1256e47002be222/3f253eeaa596fb9ac125730500301d20?OpenDocument

25. Acknowledgements • Joseph Jablonski, Ph.D.; FDA/NCFST • Gregory Fleischman, Ph.D.; FDA/NCFST • Steve Musser, Ph.D.; FDA • Stuart Chirtel, Ph.D.; FDA • Lauren Robin, Ph.D.; FDA • Fadwa Al-Taher; IIT/NCFST • Gerry Kellen, Kraft Foods • Jonathan DeVries, General Mills • David Lineback, Univ. Maryland/JIFSAN (Retired)