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Chapter 28- The Subjunctive

Chapter 28- The Subjunctive. Subjunctives. ALL subjunctives indicate the ‘hypothetical’ or the ‘potential’ If you remember this simple rule all subjunctives will seem easier! In English this is expressed with ‘would’ ‘could’ ‘should’ If only you would have studied your vocab!

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Chapter 28- The Subjunctive

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  1. Chapter 28- The Subjunctive

  2. Subjunctives • ALL subjunctives indicate the ‘hypothetical’ or the ‘potential’ • If you remember this simple rule all subjunctives will seem easier! • In English this is expressed with ‘would’ ‘could’ ‘should’ • If only you would have studied your vocab! • I wish I could come to the party!

  3. Subjunctive- Forms • You need to be able to create the FORMS of the subjunctive as well as the USES • There are FOUR tenses of the subjunctive (could be worse right?) • Present • Imperfect • Perfect • Pluperfect • Conceptually, why is there no future tense of the subjunctive? • The future already has the ‘potentiality’ aspect of the subjunctive so it is not needed!

  4. Subjunctives- Types • There are two main types of subjunctives: independent and dependent • The independent subjunctives are the main verb of the sentence • The dependent subjunctives are NOT the main verb and are in a subordinate clause

  5. Subjunctive- Present Tense • To form the subjunctive in English we use helping words like ‘would’ ‘could’ ‘should’ • In LATIN we show the subjunctive by changing the form of the verbs • To form the subjunctive in the present tense we change the MAIN VOWEL but keep the SAME PERSONAL ENDINGS • To remember the vowels just remember “we beat a friar” • 1st conjugation- Change the ā  e • 2nd conjugation- Change the ē ea • 3rdconjugation- Change the e  a • 2nd conjugation- Change the ī ia

  6. Steps to create the present active subjunctive: • Find the present active infinitive(the 2nd principle part). • amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus • Take off the -re. • amā • Change the stem vowel • ā --> e • Add the personal ending to the stem. • ame+ -t = amet(he/she/it loves)

  7. Subjunctive- Present Tense Laudo [1] Moneo, -ēre Ago, -ere Audio, -ire Laudem Laudēs Laudet Laudēmus Laudētis Laudent Moneam Moneās Moneat Moneāmus Moneātis Moneant Agam Agās Agat Agāmus Agātis Agant Audiam Audiās Audiat Audiāmus Audiātis Audiant

  8. Subjunctives- Present Passive To form the Present Passive Subjunctive use the stem with the modified subjunctive vowel and add passive endings! Lauder Laudēris Laudetur Laudēmur Laudēminī Laudentur Monear Moneāris Moneatur Moneāmur Moneāminī Moneantur Agar Agāris Agatur Agāmur Agāminī Agantur Audiar Audiāris Audiatur Audiāmur Audiāminī Audiantur

  9. 3rd sing., pres., passive, subjunctive of maneō, manēre • maneatur • 2nd plural pres., active, subjunctive of līberō, līberāre • līberetis • 1st plural pres., passive, subjunctive of ducō, ducere • ducamur • 1st singular pres., active subjunctive of fugiō, fugere • fugiam • 3rd plural pres., passive, subjunctive of audiō, audīre • audiantur

  10. Imperfect Subjunctive Steps to create the imperfect active subjunctive: • Find the present active infinitive(the 2nd principle part). • amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus • Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive. • amāre+ -t = amāret(he/she/it was loving)

  11. Steps to create the imperfect passive subjunctive: • Find the present active infinitive(the 2nd principle part). • amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus • Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive. • amāre+ -tur= amāretur(he/she/it was being loved)

  12. 3rd sing., imperf., passive, subj. of maneō, manēre • manēretur • 2nd plural, imperf., active, subj. of līberō, līberāre • līberāretis • 1st plural, imperf., passive, subj. of ducō, ducere • duceremur • 1st sing., imperf., active, subj. of fugiō, fugere • fugerem • 3rd plural, imperf., passive, subj. of audiō, audīre • audīrentur

  13. And the Subjunctive of sum, esse The present subjunctive of sum, like all present subjunctives, changes its stem vowel, so the stem becomes: si- The imperfect subj. of sum forms as expected PRESENT Sim Sīs Sit Sīmus Sītis Sint IMPERFECT Essem Essēs Esset Essēmus Essētis Essent

  14. Applying that to possum, posse… PRESENT possim possīs possit possīmus possītis possint IMPERFECT possem possēs posset possēmus possētis possent

  15. Subjunctive Review Present Subjunctive “we fear a liar” Perfect Subjunctive ???? Imperfect Subjunctive 2nd pp + pers. endings Pluperfect Subjunctive ????

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