Science for Energy Technology Strengthening the Link between Basic Science and Industry

1. Science for Energy Technology Strengthening the Link between Basic Science and Industry The Full Report Report co-ordinators Alexis Malozemoff American Superconductor Corporation George Crabtree* Argonne National Laboratory Today’s presenters Alexis Malozemoff American Superconductor Corporation John Sarrao Los Alamos National Laboratory BESAC Meeting August 5, 2010, Rockville, MD

2. Brinkman’s Charge Summarize the science themes that emerged from the BESAC reports Basic Research Needs for a Secure Energy Future and the follow-on BES Basic Research Needs topical reports with an emphasis on the needs of the more applied energy technologies.  Identify grand challenge science drivers that are likely to have an impact in the energy arena in the near term. Identify how the suite of BES-supported and -managed scientific user facilities can impact basic and applied research on energy. Identify other major impediments to successful achievement and implementation of transformative energy technologies, including potential deficits in human capital and workforce development, and possible solutions to these problems. “I anticipate the need for two reports. The first would be a short report of a less technical nature… and the second would be a more detailed technical report…”

3. Subcommittee on Science for Energy Technology Co-chairs: George Crabtree (Argonne National Laboratory) Alexis Malozemoff (American Superconductor Corporation) Panel leads Charles Gay (Applied Materials)  Kurt Edsinger (EPRI) Richard Esposito (Southern Company) Bart Riley (A123 Systems) Thomas Schneider (NREL) Bernd Keller (Cree) Gregory Powers (Verenium) Omkaram Nalamasu (Applied Materials) Simon Bare* (UOP LLC) * Member of BESAC # Ex Officio, Chair of BESAC Generalists John Hemminger# (U. California, Irvine) Lori Greene (U. California, Irvine) Marc Kastner (MIT) Patrick Looney (BNL) Celia Merzbacher (SRC) John Sarrao (LANL)

4. “SciTech” Workshop Jan. 18-21, 2010, Rockville MD ~ 100 participants from industry, national labs and academia 8 panels on major energy technology areas, plus one on scientific user facilities 3-4 priority research directions identified for each panel Non-technical barriers identified Industry interaction with basic scientists a highlight of the workshop

5. The Two Reports Concept report ~ 15 pages For wide distribution to decision makers in Congress, Administration, agencies, energy community Inspiring, exciting, high level Limited number of high level actionable items Approved by BESAC, issued April 2010 Full report ~ 200 pages For Office of Science, technically savvy industrial & scientific communities More detailed recommendations and actionable items Today’s discussion

6. The Full Report - Status • Full Report now completed subject to BESAC approval • It repeats and amplifies main themes of April Concept Report • Many opportunities exist for BES science to make transformative near-term impact on nation’s energy problems • Direct collaboration with industry important to achieve this impact • BES scientific user facilities can play a major role • What is new vis-à-vis Concept Report? • Detailed technical description of Priority Research Directions • Amplified discussion of non-technical barriers and solutions • - Facilitating industry/basic-research collaborations

7. Relationship of BES to Industry

8. Why Reach Out to Industry? • Technical motivation • Clean energy technologies operate far below their theoretical potential • e. g. Commercial PV at ~20% vs. combined cycle gas turbines ~60% • Industry roadblock is often basic science understanding of materials, chemistry and energy conversion at nanoscale Basic science understanding can lead directly to industrial performance innovations

9. Why Reach Out to Industry? Societal motivation The traditional economic driver – consumer spending leading to GDP and jobs growth – has paused or structurally declined Addressing national energy needs and exporting clean energy technologies to the developing and developed world builds a reliable and enduring new economic foundation Industry is the vehicle for commercialization Basic science supporting industry will enable and accelerate the new economic foundation

10. Why Reach Out to Industry? Urgency Other countries striving to take the lead in establishing clean energy technology – Europe and Asia Other parts of the US R&D enterprise starting to move into the science-to-industry space - but BES is best positioned to address the need - an opportunity to augment the role of BES The window of opportunity is short

11. Report Highlights • BRN’s already identified two kinds of science contributions to energy • 1. “Supernovas” – breakthroughs that change technical landscape • -high temperature superconductivity in 1986 • 2. Understanding and ultimately controlling existing phenomena • - complex materials and chemistry at the nanoscale • - mechanisms of “droop” in high current solid state lighting • - development of carbon sequestration plumes • conversion among photons, electrons and chemical bonds • SciTech PRDs focused on near-term industry impact • Echo many BRN PRDs • Emphasize sustained building of scientific knowledge base underlying existing technologies (category 2 above) Transformational near term research is not an oxymoron

12. Three Overarching Themes • Develop foundational scientific understanding of at-scale production challenges in existing materials and processes • - Identify mechanisms for factor of two efficiency loss in full-scale solar cells over laboratory versions • Beyond empiricism: fundamental understanding of lifetime prediction of materials in extreme environments, especially ageing, degradation and failure • - Degradation mechanisms under the extreme irradiation, thermal, and corrosive conditions of nuclear reactors • Discovery of new materials or chemical processes with targeted functionality • - Modeling frameworks to predict performance of new biomass and other energy conversion catalysts

13. Three Crosscutting Needs New materials by design with specific properties or functionalities Numerical modeling Science of synthesis Characterization of outcomes Interfaces: understand, predict and control optical, electrical, mechanical and chemical behavior solar cells, radiation hard materials, carbon dioxide reactivity and migration, battery and fuel cell electrodes Dynamic behavior away from equilibrium Chemical reaction kinetics, degradation and failure modes of materials, current flow in electric grid

14. Post Concept Report: Outreach efforts/Community feedback on the Concept Report • During April-May, concept report presented to • Brinkman, Koonin, Dehmer, Kung • House and Senate staffers • Positive feedback, but action awaits Full Report

15. Overview of Full Report: Panel Report Chapters • Part I: Panel Summary Report • Executive Summary • Body of Report • Role of topic in national energy picture • Status of present and ultimate industrial technology deployment • Broad context/background for the three Priority Research Direction • Brief description of PRDs • Part II: Priority Research Directions • Problem Statement (a few sentences describing the problem) plus context/background • Executive Summary • industry need, scientific challenge, research direction, and potential impact • Context/background for PRD • Industry Need (upper left of quad chart) • Explicit discussion of industry need and why science is needed to address it • Scientific Challenges (upper right of quad chart) • Specific technical questions and brief discussion of why they’re significant • Research Directions (lower left of quad chart) • A few enumerated possible research projects described in ~ one paragraph/each • Potential Impact (lower right of quad chart) • Discuss how solving this problem impacts present/ultimate industry deployment Thanks to BESAC members for editorial help over the last month

16. Priority Research Directions • Panel 1: Solar Electricity from photovoltaics • Coordinator: Charles Gay, Applied Solar • Fundamentals Properties of Photovoltaic Interfaces • Advanced Photovoltaic Analysis and Computational Modeling for Scale-up • Photovoltaic Lifetime and Degradation Science • Panel 2: Advanced Nuclear Energy • Coordinator: Kurt Edsinger, EPRI • Materials Degradation Mechanisms • Scaling of Advanced Irradiation Effects • Back End of the Fuel Cycle • Panel 3: Carbon Sequestration • Coordinator: Richard Esposito, Southern Co. • Extracting High Resolution Information from Subsurface Imaging and Modeling • Understanding Multi-scale Dynamics of Flow and Plume Migration • Control Science and Tools to Handle Very Low Rate Processes • Panel 4: Electrical Energy Storage • Coordinator :Bart Riley, A123 Systems • New Materials for Enhanced Battery Performance • New Architectures for Electric Energy Storage • Understanding and Controlling Heterogeneous Interfaces • Panel 5: Electric Power Grid Technologies • Coordinator: Thomas Schneider, NREL • High Performance and Reliability of Power Electronic Materials • High Temperature Superconductors for the Grid • Electric Insulation Materials for Power Cables • New Materials for Overhead Conductors • Panel 6: Advanced Solid State Lighting • Coordinator: Bernd Keller, Cree • High Efficiency Visible Solid State Emission at High Current Density and Temperature • White Emission Through Wavelength Conversion • OLED Materials and Structures • Panel 7: Biofuels • Coordinator: Gregory Powers, Verenium • Diversity of Biomass and Its Intermediates in Biofuel Processing • Influence of Transport Phenomena on Biomass Conversion • Catalyst Discovery, Characterization and Performance Optimization • Panel 8: Energy Efficiency: Buildings, Fuel Cells and Wind Power • Coordinator: Om Nalamasu, Applied Materials • Dynamic Optical and Thermal Properties of Building Envelopes • Fuel Cell Materials Understanding and Discovery • Enabling Materials Technologies for Next Generation Wind Power

17. SciTech Workshop PRDs complement BRN PRDs BRN PRDs SciTech PRDs Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems • Microstructure and property stability under extreme conditions • Predictive multiscale modeling of materials and chemical phenomena in multi-component systems under extreme conditions • Physics and chemistry of actinide materials - f-electron challenge • Materials Degradation Mechanisms • Scaling of Advanced Irradiation Effects • Back End of the Fuel Cycle Electrical Energy Storage • Rational materials design through theory and modeling • Novel designs and strategies for chemical energy storage • Solid electrolyte interfaces and interphases in chemical energy storage • New Materials for Enhanced Battery Performance • New Architectures for Electric Energy Storage • Understanding and Controlling Heterogeneous Interfaces

18. Examples of Priority Research Directions • Solar energy • Carbon Sequestration • Electricity Delivery • Advanced Lighting

19. PRD: Photovoltaics for Harnessing Solar Energy The Problem: Photovoltaics - most promising converter of photons to electricity. Need 2x lower $/watt to compete commercially. But lose factor of 2 in efficiency from lab to commercial scale The Opportunity: Solar energy – the most abundant renewable energy, could supply a large fraction of the world’s energy needs CIGS Efficiency Science needed: Understand mechanisms of efficiency degradation in commercial-scale solar panels: which are critical features of complex microstructures

20. PRD: Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide The Opportunity: Sequestering carbon dioxide in underground sites enables clean use of fossil fuels The Problem: Must understand site capacity, and ability to inject and contain CO2 to assure sequestration for thousands of years Water CO2 Mineral grain 2 mm Field scale Pore scale Science needed: • Models that • Translate pore scale to field scale, keeping barrier and easy-flow features • Predict effect of CO2 pressure on rock stability and seismicity • Predict dynamics of CO2 displacement and escape if containment is lost

21. PRD: Superconductors for High Capacity Grid The Opportunity: Superconductors enable high capacity, reliable grid, including efficient long-distance transmission of renewable energy The Problem: Superconductors carry 10x less current than theoretical limit Achieve highest Jc Envisioned limit 100 Theoretical limit of (2G) 10 Jc(MA/cm2) 1 Present performance H(T) T=77K 0.1 0.01 0.1 1 10 B (T) Science needed: Current Understand mechanisms of vortex pinning Vortices which control achievable current density. Force on vortices

22. PRD: Solid State Lighting (LEDs) The Opportunity: LEDs to save 22% of today’s entire electricity use! The Problem: Droop! Lumens/watt Today’s lighting LED screens LED lighting CA Understand mechanisms for droop Auger recombination? Science needed: Polarization? Stress? Defects?

23. Panel 9: BES User Facilities unique resources structure spectroscopy imaging nanoscale synthesis and characterization

24. Four Recommendations for User Facilities Enhance industrial outreach by SUFs and develop a systematic and sustained effort to engage targeted industrial sectors Review and modify existing SUF user access policy and priorities to meet industrial research needs and foster use, and review and modify DOE policies to provide incentive for both industry and SUFs to develop a mutually engaging relationship Current capabilities: Develop experimental capabilities to allow experimentation at scale on real materials/devices under real world conditions with imaging at all length scales to drive innovation in development of new materials Future capabilities: Push limit of SUF capabilities for high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution to meet increasingly sophisticated measurement needs for discovery and development of materials and chemistries for next-generation energy systems and technologies

25. Barriers and Solutions • Communication • Barrier: differing objectives and styles • Workshop: a promising opening • Need to reach out: advisory boards, personal relationships • Collaboration • Find challenges that exploit basic science to advance industrial performance • Expand work on SciTech PRDs • Funding incentive / mechanism needed to promote collaboration • Consortia for common problems • Academia-national laboratory-industry exchange programs • Intellectual property needs case by case solution – and recognition • of the legitimate needs of both sides • Workforce • Collaborative research projects • Student and postdoctoral internships in industry • Exchange visits across university-national labs-industry

26. Questions for Discussion and Feedback • First round of feedback from BESAC members already incorporated • Any further points? • How do BESAC and BES follow up? • Workshops to update or develop the PRDs • Identify existing programs and gaps • Communication initiatives with industry • Incentives and mechanisms for collaboration with industry • New solicitations? Thanks to BESAC for all your help during this project