Confined Animal Feeding Operations ( CAFOs )

1. Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) Angela Wisely, Lei Liu, Eric Spengler Environmental Economics and policy April 6 2011

2. Outline of CAFO project Definition and introduction Environmental issues and other concerns Regulation background Current laws and policies Wiki project for CAFO

3. Definition and introduction • What is AFO? Animal Feeding Operation Animal confined 45 days in 12 month No vegetation in confinement area • What is CAFO? Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation AFO, point source of pollutants. (EPA) large numbers of animals, and confined spaces.

4. Source: http://www.cafothebook.org/thebook_essays.htm#up

5. Nature of practice Scale: Large, Medium, Small Characteristics: Large numbers of animals billions of dollars revenue millions of tons of manure Other pollutants associated

6. Environmental issues and other concerns • Environmental impacts Water pollution Air pollution Public health Source: http://www.emagazine.com/archive/142and The Seattle times

7. Source-to-effect paradigm of concentrated animal feeding operations. VOCs – volatile organic compounds; GI – gastrointestinal; ABR – antibiotic–resistant organisms (kindly provided by Amy R Chapin, doctoral candidate, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA) Source: Public health implications of meat production and consumption

8. Economic impacts Market monopoly vs. family farms lose Cheap animal products supply Property values decline nearby Source: Confronting the Environmental Irresponsibility of the Dairy Industry In Wisconsin

9. Other concerns Animal welfares concerns Food healthy concerns

10. History of EPA Policy: 1970s • Reorganization Plan No. 3: EPA Creation (1970) • Clean Water Act (1972) • First CAFO Regulation (1976) Image Source: www.epa.gov

11. History of EPA Policy: 1999-2006 • Unified National Strategy for Animal Feeding Operations (1999) • CAFO Final Rule (2003) • Waterkeepers Alliance v. EPA (2005) Image Source: http://startupmeme.com/federal-court-awards-3315-million-to-verizon-communications/

12. A regulatory case study: (2d. Cir. 2005) vs.

13. Issue 1: Agricultural Stormwater Discharges “Point Source” includes discharges from CAFOs excludes “agricultural stormwater” Industry: only if collected or channelized EPA’s answer: “agronomic rates” Enviros: all CAFO discharges (.)

14. A lot of legal jargon when we’re talking about this . . .

15. Issue 2: Duty to Apply for Permit (15,500) EPA: all CAFOs must apply for an NPDES permit –OR– demonstrate no potential to discharge (12,800) Industry:no duty to obtain an NPDES permit unless an actual discharge

16. Issue 3: Nutrient Management Plans EPA (2003): nutrient management plans retained on-site at the CAFO, not made public “The men who create power make an indispensible contribution to the Nation’s greatness, but the men who question power make a contribution just as indispensible” Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Founder, Riverkeepers John F. Kennedy 35th U.S. President

17. Current Wikipedia Page • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations • Strengths • Definitions • Basic of designation • Brief history • Weaknesses • Brevity Image Source: http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2009/05/wikipedia-bans-church-of-scientology/

18. Proposed Article: Part 1 • Lead: Summary • 1. History of livestock management • 2. Nature of practice 2.2 Characteristics 2.3 Market condition in US • 3. Key issues: A list of the issues that regulation is designed to influence. 3.1 Environmental impact 3.2 Economic impact 3.3 Public health concerns 3.4 Animal welfare concerns 3.5 Food Health concerns

19. Proposed Article: Part 2 • 4. Rules and regulation 4.1 History of regulation and court decisions 4.1.1 Reorganization Plan No. 3: EPA Creation (1970) 4.1.2. Clean Water Act (1972) 4.1.3 First CAFO Regulation (1976) 4.1.4. Natural Resources Defense Council v. Reilly (District Court of D.C., 1991) 4.1.5 Unified National Strategy for Animal Feeding Operations (1999) 4.1.6 Final Rule (2003) 4.1.7 Second Circuit Court Decision on CAFOs: Waterkeeper Alliance et al v. EPA (2005) 4.2 Current regulation 4.2.1 Consolidated Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) Regulations 4.2.2 NPDES and Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for CAFOs Final Rules 4.2.3 Revised National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Regulation and Effluent Limitations Guidelines for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations in Response to the Waterkeeper Decision; Final Rule 4.2.4 EPA’s Implementation Guidance on CAFO Regulation 4.3 Relevant laws

20. References: • MacDonald, J.M. and McBride, W.D. (2009). The transformation of U.S. livestock agriculture: Scale, efficiency, and risks. United States Department of Agriculture. • R. Cedric Leonard, Animal Domestication in Atlantean Times, 2009 • Impacts of Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations on Water Quality • Roberta Parry, CAFO Rule and Future Research Needs • National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Regulation and Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, 66 Fed.Reg. 2960, 2976-79 • Delgado CL (2003). Rising consumption of meat and milk in developing countries has created a new food revolution. Journal of Nutrition 133: 3907S-3910S • Doug Gurian-Sherman. April 2008. CAFOs Uncovered: The Untold Costs of Confined Animal Feeding Operations, Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge,MA. • Impacts of Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations on Water Quality • Understanding Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Their Impact on communities • Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy, Maharishi University of Management, Assessment of Impacts on Health, Local Economies, and the Environment with Suggested Alternatives • Becker, Geoffrey S. Farm Commodity Programs: A Short Primer. Congressional Research Service. 20 June, 2002. • Oksana Nagayet. “Small Farms: Current Status and Key Trends.” Wye College. 26 June 2005 • United States. National Agricultural Statistics Service. Farms and Land in Farms. February 2002