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Chapter 30 Section 4

Chapter 30 Section 4. Europe in Two World Wars. Introduction. As European nations dominated more and more of the globe, rivalries among the colonial powers flared. Nationalism, militarism, and industrial competition also contributed to an atmosphere that led to war. Growth of Nationalism.

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Chapter 30 Section 4

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  1. Chapter 30 Section 4 Europe in Two World Wars

  2. Introduction • As European nations dominated more and more of the globe, rivalries among the colonial powers flared. • Nationalism, militarism, and industrial competition also contributed to an atmosphere that led to war.

  3. Growth of Nationalism • Wars of Napoleon sparked growth of nationalism. • Spirit of nationalism led to the creation of two new nations- Italy and Germany.

  4. Italy • Italy- divided into many small states. • Fought to free Italy from foreign control. • 1870-unification of the Italian Peninsula was complete. • Active in world affairs • Sought to add lands in northern Italy-under foreign rule

  5. Germany • Germany- separate states • Count Otto con Bismarck of Prussia led the drive to unite Germany. • “blood and iron” warfare and military • Germany won a “place in the sun” as a world power alongside Britain, France, Russia, and Austria-Hungary.

  6. The Road to War • Nationalism and colonial rivalries led European nations to increase military spending by enlarging their armies and building navies. • Late 1800’s all European nations, but Germany in particular, glorified war and encouraged a spirit of militarism.

  7. Alliance System • Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed the Triple Alliance. • In response, France joined Russia and Britain in the Triple Entente.

  8. The Powder Keg Explodes • June 1914- Arhduke Francis Ferdidnand visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. • A Bosnian nationalist shot and killed him and his wife. • Triggered a crisis • On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia. • France and Britain were drawn into the conflict.

  9. WWI • August 1914- 4 years • “Great War” • Involved all of the major European powers and many regions beyond Europe • Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. • Vs • Allied Powers- Britain, France, and Russia.

  10. Stalemate • Fought on many combat zones (fronts). • Western front- trench warfare • November 1914, war had settled in a stalemate or situation in which no one can win. • After the Russian Revolution, Russia withdrew from the war.

  11. New Weapons • Machine guns, poison gas, causing heavy casualties. • British- introduced armored tanks • At sea German submarine attacks on merchant ships helped to draw the U.S. into conflict in 1917.

  12. The War Ends • By 1917 American troops were reaching Europe. • On November 11, 1918, Allies and Germany signed an armistice agreement, ending the Great War.

  13. Effects • Caused major property damage • Millions of people were killed/wounded

  14. Rise of Dictators • 1920s-1930s, nations of Europe struggled to recover from the war.

  15. Italy • After WWI Italy was plagued by economic and political problems. • Benito Mussolini • Founded Fascist party. • Glorified the state and supported nationalist expansion • Despised communism • Condemned democracy • Glorified violence and war as ways to achieve national goals.

  16. Nazi Germany • After WWI experienced turmoil • 1920’s Adolf Hitler gained control of the National Socialist, or Nazi, party. • Promoted racism by claiming that Germans belonged to a superior “Aryan” race • Used violence • Setup a facist state in which he was the leader. • Nazi controlled German life.

  17. World War II • German invasion of Poland in September 1939 triggered World War II. • Britain and France declared war on Germany. • Pitted the axis versus the allied • Germany, Italy, and Japan were the major axis powers • Allies- Britain, France, Soviet Union, the U.S., China and 45 other nations.

  18. WWII • Axis Advance • Advanced across Europe • Hitler used Blitzkrieg, or lightening war • 1941-Germany overrun Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. • The Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 brought the U.S. into war.

  19. On D-Day, June 6, 1944 the Allies landed on the coast of France. • Liberated and pushed into Germany. • Soviets moved in • Hitler committed suicide • May 7, 1945- Germany surrendered

  20. Holocaust Revealed • During the war Hitler called for extermination of all Jews in Europe. • Gas chambers to carry out the genocide of the Jewish

  21. Effects of the War • WWII ended with the defeat of Japan in August 1945, when the U.S dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. • Japan surrendered • Most destructive war in history • Reduced Western Europe’s impact on world affairs. • Two new superpowers- U.S.A. and Soviet Union

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