Post colonial Governments in Africa and Asia

1. Post colonial Governments in Africa and Asia Roman Alcocer • Yin Gause •Charlotte Nowack• LiaNilson • Catherine Roseberry IB Global Studies Why are you reading this? Pay attention to the main stuff

2. Congo(colonized by Belgium) Independent from Belgium in 1960

3. Take notes on this Congo stuff • Congo (Zaire) head of state Joseph Kasavubu dismissed prime minister Patrice Lumumba • Col. Joseph Mobutu took over govt • Impact of colonialism lasts for over 30 years • President Mobutu SeseSeko in 1965, King Leopold II of Belgium is influencing him • Culture of West deeply affects Congo, but there are still different beliefs • SeseSeko repress and neglect Zairans by the elite • 1966, Laurent Kabila launches an offensive against govt. Leads to Mobutu SeseSeko gone 1997 • Kabila’s first act: Change “Zaire” to Democratic Republic of the Congo • Laurent Kabila assassinated in 2001. Transitional govt set up in July 2003 • Joseph Kabila, son of Laurent, is president with 4 vice presidents • Represent Former government, formal rebel groups, and political opposition • Transitional govt held successful constitutional referendum in Dec 2005 • Series of elections in 2006 determines presidency and National Assembly seats

4. Visual Aides

5. People Mobutu Lumumba Kabila

6. Angola(colonized by Portugal Independent from Portuguese in 1975

7. Notes on Angola • January 1975, transitional government made. Represented: • Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) • National Front for the Liberation of Angola (UNITA) • MPLA and FNLA clash during March 1975 over political differences • 1975, Angola divided among three nationalist groups • MPLA, supported by Cuba and USSR, held the capital • FNLA, supported by the Congo and Western Powers (including USA) • UNITA, supported by South Africa • Portugal declares Angolan independence November 11, 1975 • MPLA proclaims the People’s Republic of Angola and govt in Luanda • Under presidency of Dr. AgostinhoNeto • 1.5 million lives lost, 4 million displaced, in 25 years of civil war • Savimbi’s death in 2002 ends UNITA and strengthens MPLA

8. Sorry for Party Rocking MPLA party FNLA party UNITA party

9. Zimbabwe

10. Interesting notables Challenges after independence • By 1980, Zimbabwe had gone through 15 years of civil war • Resulting in a bad economy and infrastructure • Needed to be reintegrated into the world economy • White minority still had power over economy • Gov’t focused on land redistribution and democracy • Economy boom from 1980-1982 because of white businesses allowed to flourish • Robert Mugabe assured them of their positions • James Muzondidya fought racial, class, ethnic, gender and geographic divisions • Focus on national roots and history gave pride • Lancaster House Constitution brought inequality, • Redistribution to black majority was impossible

11. More notes!Successes and failures of new gov’t • First decade had fairly moderate course • Progress occurred in health services • 900 million pounds of aid, especially from Scandinavian countries • Roads, clinics, fencing, and boreholes created. • Safe drinking water brought to 84% of the population • Social aspects and economy still very unequal • Control over key areas of economy still under foreign control • British financial aid allowed gov’t to resettle black families on formerly white-owned landthat has been abandoned in war

12. Establishment of ZANU-PF Dominance • History of intolerance continues • Mugabe wants to make one-party state under ZANU-PF • Joshua Nkomo’s PF-ZAPU is the chief obstacle • Had united to form Patriotic Front under pressure from frontline states in 1976 • Violence outbreaks between parties after elections • Oct 1980: Mugabe signs agreement with communist North Korea • Koreans would train Zimbabwe to what would be known as the Fifth Brigade • Fifth Brigade sent in to destroy “dissidents,” about 20,000 dead in 5 years • December 1987: Mugabe and Nkomo sign Unity accord and end violence • December 30, 1987: Mugabe declared executive president (dictator) by parliament

13. Political Developments: Authoritarian rule • After 1987, ZANU-PF strengthened hold on power • Edgar Tekere broke away and formed Zimbabwe Unity Movement • Ran unsucessfully against Mugabe • ZANU-PF won elections again in 1995 despite dissatisfaction • Economy deteriorated by late 1990s • 1999: Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) • Churches, Lawyers, Trade Unionists, oppose ZANU-PF • Led by Gibson Sibanda and Morgan Tsvangirai • Western countries suspend aid and Europe applies smart sanctions • President Obasanio of Nigeria tries to persuade him to observe laws • 2000: Nelson Mandela publicly criticizes Mugabe’s use of violence and the erosion of law

14. ACTIVITY BREAK

15. Vietnam

16. Post War challenges • Took toll on population and economy • Extreme political and social divisions • Northern govt had trouble acting as peacetime administration • After 1975, North imposed a one-party state and communist policies in the South (i.e. forced collectivization and the expansion of heavy industry) • 1976: whole nation named the Socialist Republic of Vietnam • People in South who worked for the old admin, considered bourgeoisie, and arrested, and sent to camps to be reeducated in camps with horrible conditions • 1990: international pressure forced the regime to let these people emigrate • Many skilled ppl now gone who were required to run a modern ec • Cong An (secret police) helped maintain order, watched anti-gov’t activity • Censorship and propaganda • No significant multi-ethnic/racial divisions • 1975-1990: over 1 mill ppl tried to leave Vietnam in small boats • 1990: Vietnam allowed voluntary migration

17. Vietnam’s economic problems • New gov’t moved to a centralized economy • 1975-1985: heavy industry, state-owned agricultural collectives in countryside • Vietnam joined Comecon, and until Gorbachev in 1985, got $3 bill from USSR • Lacked several of the raw materials,capitaland skills to create an industrialized economy • Peasants resorted to black markets for their goods because they didn’t like collectivization • Reformers wanted a shift towards market socialism to overcome the stagnating economy • Hardliners feared that any moves towards economic liberalism would erode socialism • 1986: ‘renovation’ of the economy: DoiMoi: allowed small-scale private businesses to produce consumer goods, while peasants given a free hand in production of food • From 1990 onward, Vietnam’s economy began to improve

18. Vietnam and china • 1979: 3 week border war with China, and China badly beaten • Soviet NOT Chinese ally • But so distant from USSR, basically a sovereign state • Soviets gave Vietnamese army training and aid after 1979 war but this ended 1989-91 when the USSR and Eastern Euro regimes collapsed • Vietnam then had problems in economy • But overall stable since independence

19. INDIA Independent from Great Britain in 1947

20. Newly independent • Achieve independence from Great Britain on August 15 1947 • Governor-general Lord Louis Mountbatten stayed on for a year as a representative of British sovereign with Indian parliament’s support • Remained a dominion within British Commonwealth • Partition (immediate upheaval after independence, threat of civil war) • India: predominately Hindu state • Pakistan: predominately Muslim state • Violent transition • 14 million Muslims and Hindus fled • 9 million resettle in India • 6 million resettle in Pakistan • Mass migration claim 500,000-1 million victims

21. Important People Mohammad Ali Jinnah Jawaharlal Nehru Mohandas Gandhi

22. Prime Minister nehru • Language problem • 1950: constitution recognized 16 official languages. • Gov’t plan to make Hindi national language, angered south Indians (led to riots) • Political problems • His congress party favored democracy and believed that a system of 600 princely states ruled autocratically by maharajas was too old-fashioned • all princely states were integrated with post-independence • modeled after British Parliament and U.S. congressional systems • India considered itself highly as the most populous democracy in the world and proof that democracy could thrive despite high illiteracy and poverty

23. Economic problems nehru faced • Economic problems • over 80% of Indians were rural, most desperately poor • high population density, primitive agricultural methods, dependence on unpredictable weather • every improvement of food production, sanitary facilities and public health supported more population growth • strained resourcecs • NEHRU: “India must run very fast just to stand still” • economically, congress party gov.s encouraged industrialization, abandoning Ganhi’s ideal of traditional village handicrafts • Nehru: “I want nothing to do with any religion concerned with keeping the masses satisfied to live in hunger, filth, and ignorance. I want nothing to do with any order, religious or otherwise, which does not teach people that they are capable of becoming happier and more civilized on this earth, capable of becoming master of his fate and captain of his soul.” • Nehru wanted mixed economy • gov. would own/control basic industries and regulate private enterprise • Nehru launched 5 year Plan between 1951 and 1956 (to develop industry, modernize agriculture, and stimulate trade • foreign aid from U.S, U.S.S.R and other nations & international agencies contributed to 10% of capital for plan • despite poverty: India was 10th largest industrial power in the world • largest recipient of foreign aid in post WWII & Cold War era • received >$9 billion in U.S aid between 1947-1980 • Nehru’s main goal: raise standard of living and literacy rate

24. More problems • Nehru: “I have become a queer mixture of the East and the West, out of place everywhere, at home nowhere.” • Nehru: “Democracy is good. I say this because other systems are worse.” • nonalignment • didn’t want to join a power bloc • reaction to colonization • “As the State is a soulless machine, it can never be weaned from violence to which it owes its very existence.”    Mohandas Gandhi • wanted to become leader of a bloc of neutral nations • Nehru CONTRADICTED HIMSELF: committed to peace yet went to war • encouraged good relations with communist nations • did not tolerate communists within India (imprisoned them) • India’s biggest concern remained Pakistan • bitterness from Partition • problems over distribution of water from Indus river (irrigation) • both claimed ownership over princely state of Kashmir • 80% Muslim

25. Consequences of Decolonization • Indo-Pakistan Wars: 1947-49, 1965, 1971 • 1947: fought over disputed territory of Kashmir, Pakistan occupied one third of Kashmir (which India claims as its territory), and India occupied three fifths (which Pakistan claims as its territory) • 1965: India attacked Pakistan on all fronts after attempts by Pakistani troops to infiltrate into Indian controlled Kashmir. • 1971: fought over the issue of self rule in East Pakistan, India decisively defeated Pakistan resulting in the creation of Bangladesh • Nehru: “It is the habit of every aggressor nation to claim that it is acting on the defensive.”