Proteins

1. Proteins

2. Recap (Nutrients and Water)

3. Carbohydrates are grouped into Hydrolysis monosaccharides polysaccharides disaccharides Condensation reaction examples starch examples examples function + glucose Energy store glucose maltose structure + glucose fructose sucrose Straight and branched chains of glucose molecules + glucose galactose lactose

4. Notes Some notes are in the PPT, some are not. Do listen out for the clues in my lesson!

5. “Proteins ProteinsProteins”

6. Why study proteins?

7. See it for yourself African child Singapore child

8. Kwashiorkor • In poor countries, when children do not have sufficient intake of proteins, they developed “big tummy”, which is the accumulation of water outside the blood capillaries.

9. Active research area Pakinson’s disease HIV research

10. Elements in Proteins Carbohydrates Proteins Proteins are a group of organic biomolecules made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and … Nitrogen and some sulphur. • Carbohydrates are a group of organic biomolecules made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

11. Other differences? Structural Differences!

12. General chemical structure for the Basic unit of carbohydrates

13. OH OH maltose Condensation reaction glycosidic bond + + O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6C12H22O11 + H20 glucose + glucose  maltose + water

14. H O | —C— | H || C—OH —N— H General chemical structure for the Basic unit of proteins R Basic unit of protein is called Amino Acid (aa)

15. Basic unit comparison Carbohydrates Proteins

16. H O | —C— | H || C—OH —N— H Amino acids • Structure: • central carbon • amino group • acidic group (Carboxyl) • R group (side chain) • variable group • givesunique chemical properties tothe amino acid R

17. What is the “R” group? It is the variable groups that give rise to different Amino Acids in our body There are 20 natural occurring AAs

18. H O | —C— | H || C—OH —N— H With different “R” groups, you can come out with different AAs R CH3 CH3 H CH3 - CH3 - CH3 Valine Alanine Glycine Alanine

19. Joining different AAs together[Condensation]

20. Hydrolysis

21. Condensation and Hydrolysis Game !

22. Example Gly – Arg – Val

23. 1st Polypeptide Gly – Arg – Val- Ala- Ser – Thr – Cys- Met - His

24. 2nd Polypeptide Ser– Met- His- Gly– Thr - Ala– Cys- Arg -Val

26. What are the functions of proteins?

27. Growth Other functions of food? Other than providing energy? Regeneration By providing the necessary raw material

28. “Proteins ProteinsProteins”

29. How does the lobster protein got transformed into your muscle protein?

30. Digestion is a series of hydrolytic process Proteins are first hydrolysed into short polypeptides which are in turn hydrolysed to amino acids.

32. To different kinds of tissues and cells Muscles Enzymes Antibodies

33. Main functions of proteins • Synthesis of new protoplasm, for growth and repair of worn-out body cells. • Synthesis of enzymes, hormones, antibodiesand other biological molecules.

34. Going a bit further • What if the sequence in a protein is arranged wrongly? • Gly – Arg – Val changed to Val– Arg –Gly • What will happen? • Let’s watch a video

35. Mad Cow Disease

36. Q1. What is the basic unit of protein? Glucose Maltose Amino Acids Water

37. Q2. How many natural occuring amino acids are there? 19 20 21 22

38. Q3. Proteins are only found in the cells of animals True False

39. Q4. Condensation only happens in protein synthesis True False

40. Q5. What is the name of the bond between two adjacent Amino acids? Ionic Bond Hydrogen Bond Covalent Bond Peptide Bond

41. HW • Find out the test for proteins. • Biuret test. • Write down the exact steps in conducting the biuret test and find pictures on the internet that describe the test. • Put it in a word document. • Send to Canberra3E1@gmail.com by Wednesday. Go through on thurs!

42. Construct a protein mind map • Construct a protein mind map based on today’s lesson. • Take reference from the mind maps constructed by the teachers in water and carbohydrates • Hand in by this thurs, 12th March.