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Oceanographic History

Oceanographic History. Part 2. The Middle Ages. Vikings Westward exploration began in the 9 th century Discovered Iceland and Greenland Leif Eriksson landed in North America at Newfoundland, Canada Chinese Invented the first compass in 1000 A.D.

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Oceanographic History

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  1. Oceanographic History Part 2

  2. The Middle Ages • Vikings • Westward exploration began in the 9th century • Discovered Iceland and Greenland • Leif Eriksson landed in North America at Newfoundland, Canada • Chinese • Invented the first compass in 1000 A.D. • Built ships with central rudders and watertight compartments

  3. European Voyages of Discovery1400-1700 • Needed a route around Africa for trade • Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal • Mapped the African west coast • Bartholomeu Dias • Completed the first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 • Vasco da Gama • Led the first expedition around the Cape of Good Hope to India in 1497

  4. Christopher Columbus • Was seeking a route to Asia for trade • Landed in the Caribbean

  5. Ferdinand Magellan • In 1519, he set sail to circumnavigate the world. • Left with 5 ships and 260 men • 1 ship returned in 1522 with 18 men • Magellan died on the voyage in the Philippines

  6. Francis Drake • Completed the second circumnavigation of the world.

  7. Birth of Marine Science1700-1900 • Cook’s Expeditions • Different from other expeditions because they were launched with science and exploration goals • In 1735, Cook invented the chronometer. • An accurate clock the allowed the determination of longitude at sea.

  8. Cook’s Discoveries • He was sent to discover the unknown southern continent. • Found islands and explored Australia. • Never found Antarctica but knew it existed.

  9. United States Exploration • Congress authorized 5 ships to explore southern oceans in 1836. • Found Antarctica

  10. Matthew Maury • Father of Physical Oceanography • In 1855, he published the first textbook on modern physical oceanography, The Physical Geography of the Sea

  11. Darwin and the H.M.S. Beagle • 5 year voyage during which he made observations about coral reefs • Stated that coral reefs grow as the seafloor sinks • In the Galapagos Islands his observations led him to create his theories on natural selection and evolution.

  12. The Challenger Expedition • Launched in 1872 • First voyage launched solely for marine science • Discovered the Marianas Trench and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge • Made the first soundings over 4000m deep • Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new species

  13. 20th Century Marine Science • 3 expeditions • The Meteor • Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in 2 years beginning in 1925 • Established patterns of circulation in the Atlantic • Made the first detailed ocean floor map • The Atlantis • First ship specifically designed and built for ocean studies

  14. 20th Century Marine Science • The Challenger II • Launched in 1951 • Located the Challenger Deep • Deepest known spot in the ocean • In the Marianas Trench • 10,838m (35,558 ft) deep

  15. Types of Submersibles • 3 types used for underwater research • Bathyspheres • Simple sealed spheres suspended by a cable • No longer used • Bathyscapes • Untethered craft that function like an underwater blimp • Trieste is the only vessel to visit the bottom of the Challenger Deep • Deep diving submersibles

  16. ROVs and AUVs • ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) • Small unmanned submarine with propellers, video camera and chord to the surface • AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) • Untethered robotic devices propelled through the water by self-contained power systems. • Piloted by an onboard computer

  17. Satellites • LORAN-C • Long range navigation • Used land based transmitters along the coast • Accuracy varies with distance • Satellites • Assist with global observations of the ocean • Assist in understanding oceanic effects on global climate systems • Help to validate computer models

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