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The Rise of Islam: 600-750 . Middle East, ca. 600 A.D. Pre Islamic Arabia. Caravan Culture Tribal organization Pilgrimage to Mecca Violent, warrior states based on vendetta culture ghazu (raids) on caravans Patriarchal. The Ka’aba in Mecca. Cultural influences on Islam. Persia
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Pre Islamic Arabia • Caravan Culture • Tribal organization • Pilgrimage to Mecca • Violent, warrior states based on vendetta culture • ghazu (raids) on caravans • Patriarchal
Cultural influences on Islam • Persia • Administration and governance • literature • India • Mathematics, science, medicine • “Hindi” numbers • Greece • Philosophy, esp. Aristotle • Greek medicine • Rome and Byzantium • Architecture
Islamic Art and Architecture • Found all over the world • Influenced from other classical traditions • Expression of divine presence • Both secular and religious • Major practices: • Metalwork • Pottery • Painting • Calligraphy • rugs
Origins of Islam • Beginning of His Ministry • Muhammad in Mecca • The Hijra • Umma: community of believers
The Quran • Record of revelations received during visions • Committed to writing c. 650 CE, compiled (Muhammad dies 632) • Under the third Caliph, UthmanibnAffan • Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith
Five Pillars • Confession of faith • Prayer 5 times a day • Charity to the needy • Fasting during the month-long Ramadan • Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one’s lifetime
Early Problems • Succession • Mohammed had no surviving male children • generated a permanent split in the Islamic community • Sunnis • Shi’as
Abu Bakr • not particularly popular with the Muslim community • Ruled 632-634 • allowed raid, then invasions of Byzantine and Persian territory • subjugated any dissident elements or tribes • disposed of any “new prophets”
Ali • Was cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet • Ruled 656-661 • Assassinated 661 • Umayyad leader Mu’awiyadeclates self caliph
Umayyeds • successful in the war • Ali assassinated in 661 A.D. • by the Kharijites • beginning of the Umayyeddynasty • Atlantic Ocean to India • Syria: center of the Islamic World • eventually displaced by the Abbasids • an Arab family claiming decent from Mohammed
Dome of the Rock, Temple Mount Jerusalem
Success = strain • success introduced luxury and change • From original caliphs to the Umayyad caliphs • new ideas and new ethnic groups • with their own customs and heritage, to try to assimilate • rise of a sort of “revivalist element” • Islam had strayed from its original path and purity • Muslims were being led back to paganism • caliphs were becoming idle, corrupt, tyrants Photo on right: Ummayad Mosque in Damascus
Policy toward Conquered Peoples • Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent • Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims • Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims • Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority