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Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules. 3 themes are emphasized Hierarchy of structural levels Emergent properties Form fits function. Polymers. Large molecules of many repeating subunits called monomers

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Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

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  1. Chapter 5The Structure and Function of Macromolecules 3 themes are emphasized Hierarchy of structural levels Emergent properties Form fits function

  2. Polymers • Large molecules of many repeating subunits called monomers • Monomers are joined by removing a water molecule. (condensation reaction or dehydration reaction) • Hydrolysis-addition of water and breaking of polymers into smaller units • 40-50 monomers

  3. Classes of Polymers • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids • Other

  4. Carbohydrates • Monomers called monosaccharides • Cellular use: energy, energy storage, structure • (C, 2H, O)n • Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

  5. Monosaccharides • Glucose • Aldehydes and ketones • 3-7 carbons/molecule • Linear and ring forms (form rings in aqueous solutions)

  6. Disaccharides • 2 monosaccharides, sucrose = glucose+fructose • Joined by a dehydration reaction called a glycosidic linkage.

  7. Polysaccharides • Several hundred or more monosaccharides • Energy storage: starch and glycogen • Structural: cellulose and chitin

  8. Lipids • Diverse group (phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids, waxes) • Many functions: energy storage, structure, regulation, buoyancy, cushioning, insulation • C, H, and O • High proportion of H

  9. Triglycerides • Glycerol + 3 fatty acids • Linked by ester linkage (dehydration synthesis) • Oils and fats • Saturated vs. unsaturated?

  10. Phospholipids • Subunit of ALL cell membranes • 2 fatty acids + phosphate group + glycerol = phospholipid

  11. Steroids • At least 4 interlocking rings • Regulatory molecules • Cholesterol-precursor of many steroids • Cholesterol is a component of cell membranes • Cholesterol can contribute to atherosclerosis

  12. Proteins • Monomers called amino acids • 20 different amino acids • Joined by peptide linkage • Function as support, storage, transport, signaling, defense, movement, and catalysts • C, H, O, N, S • Make up 50% of cellular DRY weight

  13. Amino Acid Structure • Contains 3 functional groups • Amino, carboxyl and R groups • Grouped according to the R group • Polar, nonpolar, charged and uncharged

  14. Four Levels of Protein Organization • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quaternary • Achieves 3D shape spontaneously, not predictable • Denaturation

  15. Nucleic Acids • Monomers are nucleotides • Condensation linkage is called a phosphodiester linkage • 2 types: RNA and DNA • Function: 1) control heredity 2) control cell functions

  16. Nucleotides • 3 parts: 5-C sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base • 2 types of sugars: ribose and deoxyribose • 2 types of nitrogenous bases: purines and pyrmidines

  17. Purines and Pyrmidines • Purines: 1) adenine and guanine 2) double ring structure • Pyrimidines: 1) thymine, uracil, and cytosine 2) single ring

  18. Other • Hybrid molecules • Lipoproteins, glycolipids, and glycoproteins • Form ECM (extra cellular matrix)

  19. Videos and Websites • http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5iS1f0&feature=related

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