the primary sector has increased in MDCs. the tertiary sector has decreased in MDCs.

2. Regarding sector employment in MDCs and LDCs over the last 100 years, it is true that: • the primary sector has increased in MDCs. • the tertiary sector has decreased in MDCs. • the primary sector has trended slightly lower in LDCs. • the tertiary sector has increased in LDCs. • the secondary sector has decreased in LDCs.

3. Regarding sector employment in MDCs and LDCs over the last 100 years, it is true that: • the primary sector has increased in MDCs. • the tertiary sector has decreased in MDCs. • the primary sector has trended slightly lower in LDCs. • the tertiary sector has increased in LDCs. • the secondary sector has decreased in LDCs. Explanation: Changes in agriculture and mining, e.g., engineered seeds, machinery, and irrigation, have begun to displace LDC workers from the primary sector.

5. According to Rostow’s development model, a country with a lot of heavy industry that uses modern technology is in • stage 1, traditional society. • stage 2, preconditions to takeoff. • stage 3, takeoff. • stage 4, drive to maturity. • stage 5, age of mass consumption.

6. According to Rostow’s development model, a country with a lot of heavy industry that uses modern technology is in • stage 1, traditional society. • stage 2, preconditions to takeoff. • stage 3, takeoff. • stage 4, drive to maturity. • stage 5, age of mass consumption. Explanation: Heavy industry is the hallmark of Rostow’s fourth stage.

7. The self-sufficiency approach to development • has been supported by the United States. • relies on free trade with more developed countries. • has been the preferred approach for economicdevelopment over the last two decades. • frequently suffers from inefficiency. • relies on market forces with little guidance from government.

8. The self-sufficiency approach to development • has been supported by the United States. • relies on free trade with more developed countries. • has been the preferred approach for economicdevelopment over the last two decades. • frequently suffers from inefficiency. • relies on market forces with little guidance from government. Explanation: Economies seeking self-sufficiency often suffer from the related problems of large bureaucracies and inefficiency.

9. Which of the following is among the factors considered when calculating a country’s Human Development Index score? • average affluence rate • crude birth rate • literacy rate • sulfate emissions per capita • telephones per capita

10. Which of the following is among the factors considered when calculating a country’s Human Development Index score? • average affluence rate • crude birth rate • literacy rate • sulfate emissions per capita • telephones per capita Explanation: A country’s HDI score is based on four factors: GDP, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

12. Foreign debt as a percentage of income is highest in • Africa. • East Asia. • Eastern Europe. • Middle East. • South America.

13. Foreign debt as a percentage of income is highest in • Africa. • East Asia. • Eastern Europe. • Middle East. • South America. Explanation: While South American countries have accumulated the largest debts, the ratio of debt to annual income is highest in Africa.

15. Which of the following is among the factors considered when calculating a country’s Gender Empowerment Measure? • number of women in elite professional sports • balance of women to men working as real estate agents • media image fairness • number of women elected to government • access to family planning and abortion

16. Which of the following is among the factors considered when calculating a country’s Gender Empowerment Measure? • number of women in elite professional sports • balance of women to men working as real estate agents • media image fairness • number of women elected to government • access to family planning and abortion Explanation: GEM reflects women’s access to power and decision making.

18. Structural adjustment programs • promote greater transparency in government development planning and spending. • arrange for structural engineers to consult in LDCs. • are designed and implemented by community focus groups. • have been criticized for spending scarce development funds inefficient industries. • seek to align the interests of farmers and consumers through fair trade labeling.

19. Structural adjustment programs • promote greater transparency in government development planning and spending. • arrange for structural engineers to consult in LDCs. • are designed and implemented by community focus groups. • have been criticized for spending scarce development funds inefficient industries. • seek to align the interests of farmers and consumers through fair trade labeling. Explanation: The IMF, World Bank, and MDCs commonly require structural adjustment programs before making or adjusting loans.

20. In terms of economic sectors, Wal-Mart has an effect on the • primary sector as one of the largest purchasers of agricultural goods. • secondary sector because of the factories it owns around the world. • secondary sector because of the way it manages its farms, forests, and mines. • tertiary sector because of its recent expansion into steeland auto production. • tertiary sector because it pays higher wages than other service sector employers.

21. In terms of economic sectors, Wal-Mart has an effect on the • primary sector as one of the largest purchasers of agricultural goods. • secondary sector because of the factories it owns around the world. • secondary sector because of the way it manages its farms, forests, and mines. • tertiary sector because of its recent expansion into steeland auto production. • tertiary sector because it pays higher wages than other service sector employers. Explanation: Wal-Mart, the second largest grocer in the U.S., has an effect on all three economic sectors.

22. The Gender-Related Development Index is lowest in • East Asia. • Eastern Europe. • North America. • South America. • Sub-Saharan Africa.

23. The Gender-Related Development Index is lowest in • East Asia. • Eastern Europe. • North America. • South America. • Sub-Saharan Africa. Explanation: Like HDI, GDI combines measures of income, literacy, education, and life expectancy in order to discern where women are treated as well as men.

25. All of the following statements about the World Trade Organization are true, except • it promotes capitalist economic development. • its member states account for roughly 70 percent ofworld trade. • it seeks to lower tariffs. • it adjudicates accusations of unfair trade practices. • critics charge it is anti-democratic and compromises sovereignty.

26. All of the following statements about the World Trade Organization are true, except • it promotes capitalist economic development. • its member states account for roughly 70 percent ofworld trade. • it seeks to lower tariffs. • it adjudicates accusations of unfair trade practices. • critics charge it is anti-democratic and compromises sovereignty Explanation: WTO members account for nearly 100% of world trade.

27. The greatest proportion of energy use in the United States involves • Petroleum • Coal • Natural gas • Nuclear power • Hydroelectric power

28. The greatest proportion of energy use in the United States involves • Petroleum • Coal • Natural gas • Nuclear power • Hydroelectric power Explanation: The United States consumes a large amount of the world’s petroleum. The United States generates electricity in a variety of ways.

30. Which region produces the smallest amount of petroleum? • Middle East • Europe • North America • South America • Middle East

31. Which region produces the smallest amount of petroleum? • Middle East • Europe • North America • South America • Middle East Explanation: Europe must import a large percentage of its petroleum.