Basic Indoctrination

1. Basic Indoctrination NAVTECH Weight and Balance

2. Key Elements • Definitions and principles of weight and balance • General Loading Procedures and Center of Gravity Computations • Effects of Fuel Burn in Flight • Weight and Balance Forms, Load Manifest, fuel slips and other applicable documents • Load Planning and Weight and Balance Computation

3. Navtech Weight and Balance Definitions and principles of weight and balance

4. Review of Weight & Balance Terms / Definitions Basic Empty Weight (BEW) Aircraft BEW is determined as follows: A. Aircraft Empty Weight. B. All emergency equipment that is required for all operations that do not change locations. C. All normal equipment that is required for all operations that do not change location. D. Fluids, as follows: 1) Unusable Fuel 2) Full Engine Oil Basic Operating Weight (BOW) Aircraft BOW is determined as follows: A. The aircraft Basic Empty Weight. B. Any equipment or personnel items required for a particular operation.

5. Datum • Arm • Station • Moment

6. Balance ARM and Datum • Balance arms noted as “ARM” or B.A., are a true measure in inches aft of the reference datum and coincide numerically with all production stations. • The reference datum for all B747 aircraft is a position 90 inches forward of the aircraft nose. All balance arms are measured from the reference datum.

7. Index Units • To obtain Index Units, moments (weight x arm) are calculated around reference Station 1323.6 (20% MAC), and divided by a constant of 600,000. When calculating Index Units for aircraft basic weights, a fixed reference of 50 index units is also applied.

8. Center of Gravity (CG) • Mean Aerodynamic Chord • LEMAC / TEMAC

9. CG (%MAC) • The aircraft Center of Gravity is expressed in Percent of the Mean Aerodynamic Chord (%MAC) by the following formula:

10. Standard Items Equipment and fluids not considered an integral part of a particular aircraft and not a variation for the same type of aircraft. These items may include, but are not limited to, the following: 1) Unusable fuel and other unusable fluids; 2) Engine oil; 3) Toilet fluid and chemical; 4) Fire extinguishers, pyrotechnics, and emergency oxygen equipment; 5) Structure in galley, buffet, and bar; and 6) Supplementary electronic equipment.

11. Operational Items Operational items: Personnel, equipment, and supplies necessary for a particular operation but not included in basic empty weight. These items may vary for a particular aircraft and may include, but is not limited to, the following: 1) Crewmembers, additional crewmembers, and bags; 2) Manuals and navigation equipment; 3) Passenger service equipment, including pillows, blankets, and magazines; 4) Removable service equipment for cabin, galley, and bar; 5) Food and beverage, including liquor; 6) Usable fluids, other than those in useful load; 7) Required emergency equipment for all flights; 8) Life rafts, life vests, and emergency transmitters; 9) Aircraft unit load devices; 10) Potable water; 11) Drainable unusable fuel; 12) Spare parts normally carried aboard and not accounted for as cargo; 13) All other equipment considered standard by the operator.

12. Standard Crew Weights

13. Passenger and Luggage Weights

14. Checked Luggage • Baltia is using actual weight of checked in luggage. • Bags over 100 pounds are classified and handled as cargo.

15. Unit Conversions Weight • 1 pound = 0.4536 KGs • 1 KGs = 2.2046 pounds Fuel Density • The standard density of jet fuel is: • 6.7 lbs/US Gallon = 0.80 KGs/ 1 Liter Volume • 1 US Gallon = 3.7854 Liters • 1 Liter = 0.2642 US Gallon

16. WEIGHT AND CG CONVENTIONS All weights used in the Baltia Weight & Balance Manual and NavtechToDc Weight and Balance Software are in pounds (lbs).

17. Principles of Weight & Balance

18. Effects of Weight Some of the problems caused by overloading an aircraft are: • the aircraft will need a higher takeoff speed, which results in a longer takeoff run. • both the rate and angle of climb will be reduced. • the service ceiling will be lowered. • the cruising speed will be reduced. • the cruising range will be shortened. • maneuverability will be decreased. • a longer landing roll will be required because the landing speed will be higher. • excessive loads will be imposed on the structure, especially the landing gear.

19. Effects of Weight Two elements then, are vital in the weight and balance considerations of an aircraft. • The total weight of the aircraft must be no greater than the maximum weight allowed by the FAA for the particular make and model of the aircraft. AND • The center of gravity, or the point at which all of the weight of the aircraft is considered to be concentrated, must be maintained within the allowable range for the operational weight of the aircraft.

20. General Loading Procedures and Center of Gravity Computations

21. PASSENGER ZONES

22. CARGO ZONES The cargo holds (zones) of the B-747 aircraft utilized by Baltia consist of three cargo zones, the forward and Aft Cargo Holds, and the Aft Bulk Load:

23. Aircraft Loading Procedures (Cargo)

24. LOAD CONTROL SYSTEM • Operations Specification E096 approves the use of the Weight and Balance Loading System detailed in the Weight & Balance Manual.

25. NAVTECH W&B GUIDE INTRODUCTION The Weight & Balance has been specifically designed for flight deck use on a Laptop PC and is to be used in conjunction with the European Aeronautical Group’s ToDc Software. This User’s Guide will provide the basic information necessary to operate the Weight & Balance application. It will direct the user through start-up procedures and explains user commands.

26. NAVTECH W&B GUIDE Weight & Balance Application The Weight & Balance application is a graphic user interface (GUI) on Windows platform, which can be used by flight crew/dispatch group or performance engineers. Weight & Balance main functionality is: • Zero Fuel Weight and % CG Position • Take Off Weight and % CG Position • Landing Weight and % CG Position • Ensure that the above weights are within the centre of gravity envelope • Trim – Stabilizer Settings

27. NAVTECH W&B GUIDE Typographical Conventions • Square brackets, [ ], indicate a function key or series of keystrokes. • Individual keystrokes are enclosed within the brackets in uppercase type. (Examples: [ENTER], [CTRL], [F1]). • Combined keystrokes are shown in uppercase type separated by a single space. (Examples: [ALT] [F] ). • Italics are used for emphasis. • "Quotation marks" are used for special designations or terminology such as text that appears on the screen. • The [ENTER] function is the equivalent of the [RETURN] key on some computer keyboards.

28. START-UP PROCEDURE Starting Weight & Balance To start the Weight & Balance application, double-click on the PILOT ToDc Weight & Balance icon on your desktop. This will open the ToDc application from which you can open the Weight & Balance. Or use the Start menu. Just tap Start, and then tap the Program and then select the PILOT ToDc Weight & Balance application. NOTE The IT administrator within your company will decide which programs/software you will be using. They will be responsible for setting up the icon and icon title which you will use to access the ToDc.

30. Using Weight & Balance In order to calculate the ZFW, TOW, LDGW and their corresponding CG, select and fill in applicable inputs and allocate the load throughout the cabin and compartments. By clicking the “CALCULATE” button in the top left of the GUI, the result will be shown on screen. Shut down the Weight & Balance To shut down the Weight & Balance, click on Exit Weight & Balance button at the bottom left of the GUI. Default Values within Weight & Balance In the root folder of the Weight & Balance there is a file called “initMB.ini”. This file is used to set the required default values of each dropdown list box within the GUI. The user must state the value within the quotes (“VALUE”) for applicable “tag” (@TAG@). If the user inputs are incorrect the software will automatically alert the user and overwrite the file.

31. However the Weight & Balance software has also been programmed to remember the user inputs from the previous calculation. This will enable easy usage with regards to transit destinations. Data will also be transferred from the ToDc if the ToDc calculation has been completed within 15 minutes of opening the Weight & Balance application.

32. 1) Flight Number Type the appropriate flight number. 2) From Airport The three-letter IATA code or a four-letter ICAO code can be entered in the respective edit box. 3) Aircraft Reg Select the appropriate aircraft registration from the drop-down list box of available options. 4) Crew Code Select the appropriate crew code from the drop-down list box of available options.

33. 5) PAX Mass Select the appropriate option to determine the passenger type from the dropdown list box of available options and hence the corresponding passenger weight is obtained. • Male & Female • Adults 6) Catering Select the appropriate catering option from the following options in the drop-down list box. • A • B • C • Ferry • Optional

34. 7-9)Fwd (G1 & G2A) and Aft Catering (G5) When optional catering has been selected in (6) the actual weights must be entered according to their position forward or aft. When a catering code has been selected in (6) their resulting weight will be presented. 10) T/O Fuel Enter the weight in kilograms of fuel. 11) Trip Fuel Enter the weight in kilograms of fuel to be used on the trip. 12) Fuel Density Select the appropriate fuel density from the following options in the dropdownlist box. • 0.785 • 0.80

35. 13) Max TOW Enter the maximum take-off weight in kilograms. This may have been automatically transferred from the ToDc Software. 14) Max LDGW Enter the maximum landing weight in kilograms. 15) Destination Airport The three-letter IATA code or a four-letter ICAO code can be entered in the respective edit box. 16) Passengers Enter the number of each type into the following fields. • Male • Female • Child • Infant

36. 17) Amount of Load in each Compartment Enter the weight in kilograms to be allocated in each compartment. • CPT 1 Max – 3402kg • CPT 3 Max –2426kg • CPT 4 Max – 2110kg • CPT 5 Max – 1497kg The program will automatically calculate the total weight. 18) Number of Passengers in each Cabin Enter the number of passengers to be allocated in each cabin. • First Class Max – 12 • Business - 18 • Voyager – 264 19) Number of Passengers Left The number of passengers still to be allocated. If this is a negative number, then too many passengers have been loaded and these must be removed.

37. Output Data Screen Display At the bottom of the GUI the results will be displayed along with a graphical representation of the results

38. Load Sheet After a valid calculation has been completed a load sheet can be produced and viewed using the Load Sheet button at the top of the GUI. This load sheet can be printed by select the “print” button at the bottom of the pop-up screen and it is automatically saved to a folder on the computer.

39. Additional Features Night Mode/Day Mode When the Night Mode button is selected the screen will turn dark as shown below. This will enable easier viewing during night flights. It can be changed back to Day Mode using the same button, which has now changed text.

40. About Weight & Balance The version details can be viewed using the button at the bottom of the GUI. Open User’s Guide This document can be opened by pressing the Open User Guide button. Clear Form The clear form button at the bottom of the GUI clears all the inputted data from edit boxes

41. Exit Weight & Balance The Exit Weight & Balance button at the bottom of the GUI closes down the Weight & Balance. Input Pads As this software has been designed for a Laptop PC the inputs are done with on a touch screen. The input is entered in one of 2 pads shown below.

42. Navtech Weight and Balance Module Effects of Fuel Burn in Flight

43. During flight, fuel burn is normally the only weight change that takes place. As fuel is used, the airplane becomes lighter and performance is improved. ……This may be upset however, by unbalanced lateral loading.

44. UNBALANCED FUEL LIMITS

45. Navtech Weight and Balance Module Weight and Balance Forms, Load Manifest, fuel slips and other applicable documents

46. Aircraft Weighing Procedure & Forms When an aircraft weighing is due, the Manager of Maintenance Planning and Records (MPR) will issue a Work Package consisting of the following: • Aircraft Weighing Form OM.W100 • Aircraft Equipment Checklist Form OM.W101 • Aircraft Weighing Feedback Sheet Form OM.W102

47. W&B Form O.M. W100

48. W&B Form O.M. W101

49. W&B Form O.M. W102

50. Aircraft Weighing Procedure & Forms