Cell Structures and Functions

1. Cell Structures and Functions Goes with Table 1 page 199 of Textbook. SC.912.L.14.2: Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (passive and active transport).

2. Cell Parts • Cells – the basic unit of life • Organelles - small structures inside a cell with specific functions. Analogy – City of Apopka

3. A) Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane Cell membrane • Function: Regulates materials entering and exiting the cell. • Structure: Two layers of phospholipids, proteins Analogy – Apopka City limits

4. B) Cytoplasm Cytoplasm • Function: All cell contents that lie between the cell membrane and the nucleus. (organelles + cytosol) a. Cytosol = liquid portion/non-organelles. • Structure: made up of fluid and organelles except for nucleus Analogy – All air, water, life that are in Apopka, except City Hall

5. C) Nucleus Nucleus • Function: “Control Center.” Regulates DNA & RNA actions. • Structure: membrane bound, contains DNA Analogy – City Hall

6. D) Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Envelope • Function: Regulates what enters or exits the nucleus. • Structure: Double Layer of Lipids Analogy – Walls & Doors of City Hall

7. E) Nucleolus Nucleolus • Function: Produces RNA, which are used to make all proteins. • Structure: Inside Nucleus, separate from DNA Analogy – The Mayor

8. F) DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA (chromatin) • Function: information on how to make proteins. • Chromatin – unorganized DNA (normal state) • Chromosomes – organized DNA (present before cell division • Structure: Made up of nucleotides, locked in the nucleus Analogy – The Laws or City Code

9. G) Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER Smooth ER • Function: Transportation route for proteins. • Rough ER: has ribosomes • Smooth ER: no ribosomes • Structure: tubes and channels Analogy – Roads & Sidewalks

10. H) Ribosomes Ribosomes Free Ribosomes • Function: Makes proteins. • Structure: small circular organelles Analogy – Restaurants, Factories, Builders.

11. I) Vacuoles & Vesicles Vesicles • Function: Storage for water, nutrients or waste. • Structure: small membrane-bound organelle. Analogy – Grocery stores, water tanks.

12. J) Lysosomes Lysosomes • Function: packets of enzymes that break down materials in a cell. • Structure: Small membrane-bound organelles Analogy – Recycling center

13. K) Mitochondria Mitochondria • Function: Produce energy for the cell – site of cellular respiration. “The Powerhouse” • Structure: Double membrane-bound, kidney shaped. Analogy – “Duke Energy”

14. L) Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus • Function: Packages, labels and ships proteins out of the cell. • Structure: Pancake-shaped layered organelle Analogy – Post Office

15. M) Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Microtubules • Function: Provide support and structure for the cell. • Microfilaments • Microtubules • Structure: Tubules Analogy – Wood, cement, steel beams

16. N) Centrioles (Animals Only) Centrioles • Function: microtubules that help divide the cell during cell division. • Structure: Tubules Analogy – Apopka High School vs. Wekiva High School

17. O) Cilia & Flagella Cilia Flagella Flagella • Function: provides movement for the cell or objects moving by the cell. • Structure: • Flagella – 1 long fiber • Cilia – many short fibers Analogy – Cars or bicycles.

18. P) Chloroplasts (Plants only) Chloroplasts • Function: site of photosynthesis (converting sun and CO2 into sugar). • Structure: Membrane bound organelles that contain chlorophyll Analogy – Solar Panels

19. Q) Cell Wall (Plant cells only) Cell Wall • Function: Provides support for the cell and the plant. • Structure: Made of cellulose Analogy – ground, rock wall

20. Cell Parts Analogy • Create an analogy (besides the city analogy) for the cell and its parts • Possible ideas: • Stadium • School • Country • Restaurant • House • Mall • Waterpark

21. Stadium Example: • Cell membrane: wall of stadium, gates • Cytoplasm: everything inside the stadium. • Nucleus: the control room for the stadium. • Etc…