Chapter 12 Test Review

1. Chapter 12 Test Review

2. Growing Spirit of Equality • Alexis de Tocqueville, an observer from France noted the democratic spirit and growing equality and freedom in the U.S. • More people gained suffrage – property requirement was eliminated in some states • However, African- Americans lost voting privileges in many states

3. Disputed Election of 1824 • John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson had no clear majority in the electoral vote • Jackson won the popular vote • “Corrupt Bargain” – Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House of Representatives persuaded the House members to vote for Adams • Adams made Clay his Secretary of State • No evidence of bribery or corruption was found

4. John Quincy Adams’ • Adams pushed for internal improvements of roads and canals • Small farmers and “common” Americans objected to spending money on the arts and sciences • Loses to Andrew Jackson in the election of 1828 • Jackson’s support came from the “common” people

5. Jacksonian Democracy • Jackson was the first westerner to occupy the White House • The spread of more political power to more people was known as “Jacksonian Democracy” • New political parties grew out of conflict between Adams and Jackson • Adams – Whig (many former federalists) • Jackson - Democrats (many frontier farmers and workers in eastern cities)

6. Andrew Jackson • A self-made man and former patriot during the Revolutionary War • 1812 war hero • Threatened Creek Indian leaders to acquire land • Started the “spoils system” and rewarded his supporters with government jobs • He relied on an unofficial group of advisors known as the “kitchen cabinet”

8. The Bank War • Jackson felt the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional and undemocratic • The bank was cutting back on loans to farmers and merchants • Nicholas Biddle, president of the bank, and a Whig pushed the charter renewal as an election issue in 1832 • Jackson is elected and orders federal money be given to state “pet” banks • 1836 – Bank of the United States closes

10. Tariff and Nullification Crisis • “Tariff of Abominations” is passed in 1828 • Southern planters were hurt by the tariff which protected Northern manufacturers • John C. Calhoun calls for nullification and states’ rights • Daniel Webster fears the nation will fall apart • Force Bill allowed Jackson to use the army to enforce the tariff • South Carolina repealed Nullification Act, but had no support from other states • Tensions between the North and South increased

11. Native American Tragedy • Five nations in the Southeast were required to give up their fertile land • The Cherokee Nation has adopted many customs to preserve their way of life • Sequoyah created a written alphabet • Jackson refuses to enforce Worcester v. Georgia that declared Georgia’s right to make laws for the Cherokee unconstitutional • Trail of Tears – 15,000 Native Americans were relocated and many died along the way • The Seminoles under Osceola resist, but are forced to leave Florida – Seminole Wars

12. Hard Economic Ties • Panic of 1837 – speculators bought land and banks printed money that was not backed by gold or silver • Banks began printing more money and speculators rushed to state banks to exchange paper money for gold and silver • The nation plunged into an economic depression – 90% of factories close and many were out of work • Newly elected President Van Buren must deal with this economic crisis