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Compound Structures and Organic Compounds: Key Properties

Understand the molecular and network structures of compounds, learn about organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and more. Explore hydrocarbons, alcohols, and isomers in organic chemistry.

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Compound Structures and Organic Compounds: Key Properties

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  1. Notes 7 – Compound Structure & Organic Compounds

  2. The Structure of Compounds • Substances that are compounds contain two or more types of atoms chemically bonded together • Chemical bonds are the difference between a mixture and a compound • The structure of a substance is created by the bonding between atoms • There are 2 main types of compound structure: • Network Structure • Molecular Structure

  3. What are network structures? • Network structures –compounds where every particle is bonded to other particles throughout the whole substance • Can be formed by the sharing of electrons OR the transfer of electrons between atoms • Some substances are networks of ions held together by ionic bonds (ionic networks) • Ex. Salt (NaCl) • Some substances are networks of molecules held together by covalent bonds (covalent networks) • Ex. Quartz (SiO2)

  4. Properties of Network Structures • Extremely strong structures • High melting points • NaCl melts at 801 °C • SiO2 melts at 1700 °C • Solids at room temperature • Can be dissolved in water • Covalently bonded network structures are extremely hard • Ex. Diamond

  5. What are molecular structures? • Molecular structures – compounds made of covalently bonded molecules that are weakly attracted to one another • Ex. Water (H2O), Glucose (C6H12O6) • Can only be formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms • Individual molecules in the substance are attracted to each other but not strongly connected

  6. Properties of Molecular Structures • Not very strong structures • Low melting points • H2O melts at 0 °C • CO2 melts at -78 °C • Sucrose (sugar), C12H22O11 melts at 185 °C • Usually liquids or gases at room temperature • Ex. water, vegetable oil, carbon dioxide, methane • Sometimes solids at room temperature • Ex. sugar, plastic, wax, fats

  7. What are organic compounds? • Organic compound – a covalently bonded compound made of molecules that contain carbon • Always have a molecular structure • Usually contain hydrogen as well as carbon • May contain other non-metals such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorous • Come from living organisms and the remains of dead organisms • Ex. sugar, cellulose, insulin, protein, DNA, coal, petroleum

  8. The Versatility of Carbon Atoms • Carbon atoms have a valence of 4 • In order to become stable, carbon atoms can form up to 4 covalent bonds • One carbon atom might form: • 4 single covalent bonds • 2 single and 1 double covalent bond • 2 double covalent bonds • 1 triple and 1 single covalent bond • Carbon atoms can form an large variety of molecules (chains, rings, branched chains)

  9. What are hydrocarbons? • Hydrocarbon – an organic compound made of carbon and hydrogen • Two common types of hydrocarbons are alkanes and alkenes • Alkanes – hydrocarbons with only single covalent bonds • Alkenes – hydrocarbons with at least one double covalent bond

  10. The prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule The suffix indicates the type of bonds between the carbon atoms ane = single bonds ene = at least one double bond Ex. pentane A 5 carbon molecule (pent) with all single bonds (ane) Ex. Propene A 3 carbon molecule (prop) with one double bond (ene) meth = 1 eth = 2 prop = 3 but = 4 pent = 5 hex = 6 hept = 7 oct = 8 non = 9 dec = 10 Naming Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Prefixes

  11. Methane CH4

  12. Ethane C2H6

  13. Propane C3H8

  14. Ethene C2H4

  15. Propene C3H6

  16. Samples • What would be the name of a hydrocarbon with 8 carbon atoms and one double bond? • 8 = oct • double bond = ene • octene • Describe the structure of nonane • non = 9 • ane = single bonds • A 9 carbon hydrocarbon with all single bonds

  17. What are alcohols? • Alcohol – an organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and an oxygen atom • Alcohols have “OH” groups (an oxygen bonded to a hydrogen) • Alcohols are named just like alkanes and alkenes, but with “ol” at the end • Ex. ethanol • Ethanol has two carbons (eth), single bonds (an), and an –OH group (ol)

  18. Methanol CH3OH

  19. Ethanol C2H5OH

  20. Ethenol C2H3OH

  21. What are isomers? • Isomers – compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different structures • Ex. pentane and 2 methyl-butane • Both have formula C5H12 • Pentane - straight chain of 5 carbons • 2 methyl-butane - chain of 4 carbons with a 1 carbon branch

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