Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Opportunities in Indiana

1. Tippecanoe County Public Library June 18, 2014 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Opportunities in Indiana Klein Ileleji, PhD. Associate Professor & Extension Engineer Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University – West Lafayette, IN

2. Outline • U.S. Energy Usage • What is energy efficiency (EE)? • Applying EE to your operation • Guidelines for energy management overview • Energy auditing, service and online tools • Renewable energy systems for on-farm applications • Brief introduction of various renewable energy alternatives • A stepwise approach to evaluating energy alternative options.

4. To what extent do the objectives overlap? Energy Security Climate Dr. Wally Tyner, Professor Ag Economics

5. U.S. Energy Production, 2009Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration – www.eia.doe.gov

6. Global Renewables GrowthSource: Renewable Energy Policy Network

8. What is Energy Efficiency? • Energy Efficiency (EE) is the application of technology and practices to reduce energy usage, save cost and reduce environmental impact of energy use without reducing the quality of the service provided by the energy source.

9. Guidelines for Energy Management Overview • Step 1 - Make commitment: regularly assess energy performance and implement steps to increase energy efficiency. This might mean change of life style. • Step 2 - Assess performance (Energy auditing): Understanding current and past energy use will help identify opportunities to improve energy performance and gain financial benefits.

10. Guidelines for Energy Management Overview • Step 3 - Set goals: Performance goals drive energy management activities and promote continuous improvement. Setting clear and measurable goals is critical for understanding intended results, developing effective strategies, and reaping financial gains. • Step 4 – Create action plan: With goals in place, your organization is now poised to develop a roadmap to improve energy performance.

11. Guidelines for Energy Management Overview • Step 5 – Implement action plan: Take necessary steps to implement your energy program. In addition, reaching your goals frequently depends on the awareness, commitment, and capability of the people who will implement the projects. • Step 6 – Evaluate progress: Evaluating progress includes formal review of both energy use data and the activities carried out as part of the action plan as compared to your performance goals.

12. Guidelines for Energy Management Overview • Step 7 – Recognize achievements: Providing and seeking recognition for energy management achievements is a proven step for sustaining momentum and support for your program. • How can we as a community (IASWCD) recognize those achievers among us and honor them • We need incentives in place to encourage adopters of EE programs. Source: EPA EnergyStar Program: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=guidelines.guidelines_index

13. First step to EE – Energy Audit • An energy audit can be conducted by you, a professional auditor or utility auditor • There are also several online tools to guide you through a self-energy audit process • The energy audit will provide you with baseline data of your energy use from which you can develop various energy management strategies to save on energy use

14. Energy auditing • An energy audit is an analysis of your operations to determine its energy usage and costs, and to identify specific energy efficiency measures that would be appropriate and economically attractive. Source: Energy job sheets: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/csp/cspenergy05.html

15. What is involved in an energy audit? • In an energy audit, individual unit operations, processes, operations management and major energy-consuming equipment are evaluated to identify energy conservation opportunities and high-return-on-investment projects Source: Energy job sheets: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/csp/cspenergy05.html

16. What do you get from an energy audit? • An action report is produced that describes the following: • Your baseline energy usage • Each major conservation opportunity area • An estimate of the cost to implement changes • The potential savings that will be generated, and • An estimation of the payback period Source: Energy job sheets: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/csp/cspenergy05.html

17. Energy auditing on-line tools • http://energytools.sc.egov.usda.gov/ • http://www.retscreen.net/ang/d_o_view.php • http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=19 • http://www.cipco.org/energyFarm.asp

18. Websites with EE resources • http://attra.ncat.org/energy.php • http://alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p010003.hcsp • http://www.cipco.org/energyFarm.asp • http://www.energy.gov/contact/newWebSite.htm • http://www.greenconcepts.com/greenliving/roomdetails/index.html • http://www.americanlightingassoc.com/members/conference_main.php • http://www.energysmartschools.gov/sectors/ess/index.asp

19. Forum on Economic Benefits of Rural-Based Clean Energy—ICREED

20. IASWCD Annual Conference, Indianapolis, January 15, 2008 Renewable Energy Systems for On-farm Applications

21. Renewable Energy Website • Publications • Tools • Links • Research www.extension.purdue.edu/renewable-energy/

22. IASWCD Annual Conference, Indianapolis, January 15, 2008 Wind Energy • Exist for both large and small operations • Largely dependent on location dictated by wind availability and grid accessibility • Installing wind requires land space as well as depends on your local zoning codes • Retail electric prices in the area • The economics and policy incentives

23. IASWCD Annual Conference, Indianapolis, January 15, 2008 Solar Energy • Exist for both large and small operations • Largely dependent on location dictated by sunshine availability & accessibility • Advantageous for both heat and power generation • Retail electric prices in the area • The economics and policy incentives

24. IASWCD Annual Conference, Indianapolis, January 15, 2008 Geothermal energy • A very efficient form of energy that can deliver up to five times more for every unit input. • Advantageous for both heating and cooling • Not largely location dependent • The economics and policy incentives Pix: ECS Geothermal

25. Basic Concepts and Design Summary • Building Site Selection Selection • Deciduous south, large windows, garage west (east) • Walkout basement • Building Design Overview • Floor plan, exterior lines, functionality, etc. • Exterior Shell • Casement windows, ICF, brick, airtight sealing • No patio doors, single side French door • Insulation • Walls, ceiling, double insulated knee walls, high heel trusses, all air gaps foamed and sealed Source: Dr. John Lumkes, ABE Dept. Purdue U.

26. Basic Concepts and Design Summary • HVAC • Heat pump, corn stove, mechanical ventilation, no ductwork in unconditioned spaces, humidistat moisture control, no bathroom exhaust fans • Plumbing • On-demand H2O, wastewater heat recovery, low flow fixtures, centralized pluming, on-demand regenerating H2O softener • Lighting • Windows, solar tube, CFL in high use areas • EnergyStar Motto: Build it Tight…Ventilate Right • Be aware of IAQ Issues! (pollutants, C02, humidity) Source: Dr. John Lumkes, ABE Dept. Purdue U.

27. Easy Saving on HVAC Loads • Many attics are under-ventilated. Indiana code is not very strict. • Saves energy; shingles last longer Source: Dr. John Lumkes, ABE Dept. Purdue U.

28. Hot Water Considerations • On-demand H20 heater, wastewater heat recovery, low flow fixtures, centralized plumbing, no plumbing in unconditioned spaces. Depending on loads, consider solar, geothermal (summer), or renewable fuel boilers. Source: Dr. John Lumkes, ABE Dept. Purdue U.

29. Wastewater Heat Recovery • “Free” Energy Source: Dr. John Lumkes, ABE Dept. Purdue U.

30. Source: Dr. John Lumkes, ABE Dept. Purdue U. Lighting • Compact Fluorescent Bulbs (CFL) • 50-80% less energy than incandescent bulbs • 4x more, last 10x longer • LED bulbs in the future • LED bulbs last 10x as long as CFL, 133x longer than typical incandescents. • LED bulbs hold up well to jarring and bumping. • LED's produce 3.4 btu's/hour, compared to 85 for incandescent bulbs. • Electricity costs can be reduced by >80%. • Natural sunlight • Solar Tube

31. IASWCD Annual Conference, Indianapolis, January 15, 2008 Ag. Byproducts – manure& coproducts • Most economical for large operations that generate adequate manure and potentially have manure management challenges • Advantageous for both heat and power generation • Huge environmental payback • The economics and policy incentives

32. IASWCD Annual Conference, Indianapolis, January 15, 2008 Other opportunities for energy conservation • Conservation tillage and no-till systems • Variable heat grain drying systems • Smart fan controllers

33. IASWCD Annual Conference, Indianapolis, January 15, 2008 A step-wise approach for evaluating energy alternative options • You need to conduct an energy audit of your operations to determine: • Your energy consumption • Opportunities for energy savings • Try to get as much savings as possible from an energy management and conservation plan. • Investigate energy generation alternatives based on available resources (material-feedstock, wind, etc, financial and incentives). Think long-term!

34. Wind Energy Developments and Indiana Chad A. Martin Renewable Energy Extension SpecialistAg & Biological Engineering

35. 20% by 2030? • Prognosis could more than double the output of existing wind farms if it were possible to: • Sense and control loads along the span of the airfoil. • Sense wind at upstream turbines to optimize the operation (yaw, pitch) of downstream turbines. • Eliminate unscheduled maintenance/maximize uptime. Sense blade defect and estimate loads Control pitch/yaw to suppress gusts Predict and control growth of defect Sense wind speeds and direction Schedule maintenance for a convenient time

36. The Winds of Change…

37. U.S. Wind Energy Growth

38. Best areas 6.5-7 m/s Capacity factors 30-35% Best areas 7.5-8.2 m/s Capacity factors 40-45% Best areas 7-7.5 m/s Capacity factors 35-40%

39. U.S. Installed Capacity (MW) – April, 2011Source: American Wind Energy Association www.awea.org

40. Source: U.S. DOE, National Renewable Energy Lab

42. Wind Energy’s Economic impacts Examples of Direct, Indirect and Induced Impacts Wind energy’s economic “ripple effect” • Indirect Impacts • Off-site • Boom truck & management, gas and gas station workers, blades and towers • Supporting businesses, such as bankers financing the construction, contractor, manufacturers and equipment suppliers. • Hardware store purchases and workers, spare parts and their suppliers Induced Impacts Jobs and earnings result from the spending by people directly and indirectly supported by the project, including benefits to grocery store clerks, retail salespeople and child care providers. Direct Impacts On-site Construction workers Management Administrative support Cement truck drivers Road crews Maintenance workers Source: U.S. DOE, National Renewable Energy Lab

43. Direct on-site jobs and parts during construction Earth moving, cement pouring Truck drivers, crane operators Construction Management and support

45. Indiana’s Economic Impact – 1,000 MW Totals (Construction + 20 years) Indirect & Induced Impacts Direct Impacts Total Economic Benefit - $1.3 Billion to local economies New local jobs during construction - 3,050 local jobs New local long-term jobs 550 total Payments to landowners - $2.7 Million annually Local Property Tax Revenue - $16 Million/year Construction Phase - 1,550 new jobs - $189 to local economies Operational Phase - 250 long term jobs - $21 Million/year Construction Phase - 1,500 new jobs - $130 Million to local economies Operational Phase - 250 local jobs - $25 Million/year to local economies Source: U.S. DOE, National Renewable Energy Lab

46. Clinton County, IN – 200 MW

47. Wind Impact Specifics • Land Lease Revenue: 2-3% of gross revenue or $3,000 - $5,000/ MW/year • Local property tax revenue: 100 MW could generate ~$1 million/yr • 80-90 FTE jobs/100 MW during construction • ~ 6 permanent O&M jobs/100 MW • Local industry: concrete, towers, roads, electrical services • Manufacturing and Assembly plants expanding in U.S. (e.g., 14 facilities currently manufacture components for wind energy and 4 new facilities are announced.) • Brevini – a major gearbox manufacturer – is opening its first U.S. facility in Muncie, IN. $60M investment and over 450 workers.

48. Noise Issues and Health Impacts???? • Noise from wind turbine does not pose a risk of hearing loss or any other adverse health effect. • Some people may become annoyed from the sound from wind turbines but this is not a disease. • The major cause of concern from wind turbine noise is the fluctuating nature of it. Some may find this noise annoying, a reaction that depends primarily on personal characteristics as apposed to the intensity of the noise level. • Sub audible low frequency noise and infra sounds from wind turbines do not present a risk to health. • Wind Turbine Syndrome is neither a new disease or accepted medical diagnosis. Symptoms reflect noise annoyance. Source: Dr. Robert McCunney, MIT

49. Indiana’s Impact…So Far • Annual property tax payments by wind project owners: $21M • Annual land lease payments: $4M Source: American Wind Energy Association www.awea.org

50. Beyond the Wind Farm Blue counties = Wind Farms Operating Green dots = Wind Manufacturing Online Yellow dots = Announced Wind Manufacturing Current Generation Capacity: 1,339 MW Ranked 12th in U.S. in Wind Generation Added in 2010: 303 MW Added in 2009: 905 MW Wind projects in the queue: 8,426 MW Source: American Wind Energy Association www.awea.org