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Electricity and Magnetism: Investigating Properties and Concepts

This chapter explores the properties of electricity and magnetism, including static electricity, flow of electrons, voltage, resistance, and simple circuits. It also covers topics such as electric charge, electric force, electric fields, and charge transfer.

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Electricity and Magnetism: Investigating Properties and Concepts

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  1. S-66 Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism? Explain briefly where electricity comes from.

  2. SPS10 Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism. Investigate static electricity in terms of –friction, induction, conduction Explain the flow of electrons in terms of -alternating and direct current -the relationship among voltage, resistance, and current -simple series and parallel circuits Chapter 20 Electricity

  3. What produces a net electric charge? What determines whether an electric force is attractive or repulsive? What determines the strength of an electric field. What are three ways in which charge is transferred. How does static discharge occur? 20.1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity

  4. 20.1 Charge and Statics What produces a net electric charge? • Electric Charge – a property that causes protons and electrons to attract or repel each other • Two types • Positive - protons • Negative – electrons • An excess or shortage of electrons causes atoms to be charged • That causes objects to be charged

  5. 20.1 Charge and Statics What determines whether an electric force is attractive or repulsive? • Electric Force – force of attraction or repulsion between electrically charged objects • Like charges repel (positve-positive, or negative-negative) • Opposite charges attract (negative-positive)

  6. 20.1 Charge and Statics What determines the strength of an electric field? • Electric Field – the space around a charged particle where it will push or pull another charge • Depends on • Amount of charge • Distance from the charge • Drops off rapidly (square of the distance)

  7. 20.1 Charge and Statics What are the three ways in which charge is transfered? • Static Electricity – charges that are not moving • Law of conservation of charge – the total amount of charge stays the same • Remember that charge is caused by protons and electrons

  8. 20.1 Charge and Statics What are the three ways in which charge is transfered? • There are three ways that charge is transffered • Friction • Two uncharge objects rub against each other • Electrons are pulled off one object and placed on the other • Contact • A charged object comes in contact with an uncharged object • The charged object loses charge until they both have the same charge

  9. 20.1 Charge and Statics What are the three ways in which charge is transfered? • There are three ways that charge is transffered • Induction • Electrons in an object are attracted or repelled by a charge • This causes a temporary charge in a neutral object

  10. S-67 Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism? What are the two types of charges? What are the two basic charged particles? How does a charge form?

  11. 20.1 Charge and Statics How does static discharge occur? • Electrons will flow if there is a conducting pathway • Static discharge when a pathway between charged objects is formed • Shocking yourself on a doorknob • Lighting bolt

  12. What are the two types of current? What are some examples of conductors and insulators? What factors affect electrical resistance? What causes and electric current? How are voltage, current, and resistance related? 20.2 Electric Current and Ohm’s Law

  13. 20.2 Current and Ohm’s Law What are the two types of current? • Electric Current – the flow of charge • Two types • Direct Current • Flows in only one direction • Electricity from batteries • Alternating current • Changes direction in a regular pattern • Has frequency (usually 60 Hz) • Household electricity

  14. 20.2 Current and Ohm’s Law What are some examples of conductors and insulators? • Electrical conductor – material that charge flows through easily • Metals • Graphite • Salt solutions • Electrical insulator – material that charge does not flow through easily • Plastics • Rubber

  15. 20.2 Current and Ohm’s Law What factors affect electrical resistance? • Resistance – opposition to the flow of charge • Resistors use up the energy in electricity • Measured in Ohm (W) • Three factors affect resistance • Thickness – thicker objects have less resistance • Lenth – longer objects have more resistance • Temperature – resistance increases with temperature

  16. 20.2 Current and Ohm’s Law What causes an electric current? • Voltage (Potential Difference) – difference in potential energy between two points • Units are volts (V) • Produced by sources of electric energy • A potential difference placed across a loop of conductor will result in a current • Current is measured in Amperes – or Amps (A)

  17. 20.2 Current and Ohm’s Law How are voltage, current, and resistance related? V=IR • Ohm’s Law – current is equal to potential divided by resistance • V = potential difference in volts (V) • I = current in amps (A) • R = resistance in Ohm’s (W)

  18. 20.2 Current and Ohm’s Law How are voltage, current, and resistance related? V=98V V=IR V=(7A)(14W) • What is the potential difference that would allow a 7 A current to flow through a 14 W toaster? • Fill in the equation • Answer

  19. 20.2 Current and Ohm’s Law How are voltage, current, and resistance related? I=1.25A V=IR 120V=I(96W) • How much current would flow through a 96 W light bulb when it is plugged into a 120 V source? • Fill in the equation • Answer

  20. S-68 How are voltage, current, and resistance related? A toaster is plugged into a 120 V wall outlet. How much current will it draw if it is a 47 W resistor?

  21. S-69 What factors affect electrical resistance? What three factors determine the resistance of an object? How does resistance change as each factor changes?

  22. What is included in a circuit diagram? How do series and parallel circuits differ? How do you calculate electric power? 20.3 Electric Circuits

  23. 20.3 Electric Circuits What is included in a circuit diagram? • Electric Circuit – complete pathway • Circuit diagram – show the path and devices in the pathway • Common symbols are • Battery • Battery of cells • Resistor • Light bulb • Switch

  24. 20.3 Electric Circuits How do series and parallel circuits differ? • Series Circuit • Has only one pathway for current • If one device is disconnected they all stop working • Parallel Circuit • Has more than one pathway for current • Devices don’t affect other devices • Household circuits are parallel

  25. 20.2 Current and Ohm’s Law How do you calculate electric power? P=IV • Power is equal to voltage multiplied by current • P = power in watts (W) • I = current in amps (A) • V = potential difference in volts (V)

  26. 20.2 Current and Ohm’s Law How do you calculate power? P=(34A)(240W) P=8160W P=IV • An electric oven is connected to a 240 V line, and it uses 34 amps of current. What is the power used by the oven? • Fill in the equation • Answer

  27. S-70 How do you calculate power? How much power would a hair dryer use if it draws 15A of current when plugged into a 120V wall socket? Hair dryer –boring Powerful tank - cool

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