Robotic Missions to the Moon: A Brief Look

1. A brief look at previous robotic missions to the moon Presented by Shawn Fenn 9-25-08

2. Soviet Union Robotic Missions • Luna Program • Luna 1 1959 success (flyby) • Luna 2 1959 success (impactor) • Luna 3 1959 success (flyby) • Luna 4 1963 partial failure (lander -> probe) • Luna 5 -8 1965 failure (lander) • Luna 9 1966 success (lander) • Luna 10 1966 success (orbiter) • Luna 11 1966 success (orbiter) • Luna 12 1966-67 success (orbiter) • Luna 13 1966 success (lander) • Luna 14 1968 success (orbiter) • Luna 15 1969 partial success (orbiter) • Luna 16 1970 success (sample return) • Luna 17 1970 success (lander) • Lunokhod 1 1970-71 success (rover) • Luna 19 1971-72 success (orbiter) • Luna 20 1972 success (lander) • Luna 21 1973 success (lander) • Lunokhod 2 1973 success (rover) • Luna 22 1974-75 success (orbiter) • Luna 24 1976 success (lander) • Zond Program • Zond 3 1965 success (flyby) • Zond 5 1966 success (flyby) • Zond 6 1968 success (flyby) • Zond 7 1969 success (flyby) • Zond 8 1970 success (flyby)

3. Soviet Union Robotic Missions • Luna Program • Luna 1 1959 success (flyby) • Luna 2 1959 success (impactor) • Luna 3 1959 success (flyby) • Luna 4 1963 partial failure (lander -> probe) • Luna 5 -8 1965 failure (lander) • Luna 9 1966 success (lander) • Luna 10 1966 success (orbiter) • Luna 11 1966 success (orbiter) • Luna 12 1966-67 success (orbiter) • Luna 13 1966 success (lander) • Luna 14 1968 success (orbiter) • Luna 15 1969 partial success (orbiter) • Luna 16 1970 success (sample return) • Luna 17 1970 success (lander) • Lunokhod 1 1970-71 success (rover) • Luna 19 1971-72 success (orbiter) • Luna 20 1972 success (lander) • Luna 21 1973 success (lander) • Lunokhod 2 1973 success (rover) • Luna 22 1974-75 success (orbiter) • Luna 24 1976 success (lander) • Zond Program • Zond 3 1965 success (flyby) • Zond 5 1966 success (flyby) • Zond 6 1968 success (flyby) • Zond 7 1969 success (flyby) • Zond 8 1970 success (flyby)

4. Luna 1 • First spacecraft to reach the Moon • Hermetically sealed sphere with external sensors • Cosmic ray counter • Equipment to register the intensity of cosmic rays and a recorder for photons in cosmic radiation. • Geiger counter • Scintillation counter (measures ionizing radiation) • All electrical equipment was powered off silver-zink and mercury oxide batteries. • Total mass 361.3 kilograms • Mission to hit the moon by way of direct ascent trajectory • Launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Vostok rocket on Jan 2 1959 • On Jan 4th 1959 Luna 1 passed 5,995 Km from the Moon at a speed of near 8,900 kilometers per hour • Discoveries • Provided new data on Earth’s radiation belt • Found the Moon had no magnetic field

5. Luna 9 • First spacecraft to achieve a lunar soft landing • Achieved landing where Luna 5 – 8 did not, landed about 4 months before Surveyor 1 • Two stage system • Launch platform used an airbag system for Lander impact • Lander • 4 petals opened to right the lander and used as reflectors • Center cylinder housed and angled mirror used for a periscope to reflect a view of the Moon’s surface. • Mission to softland a camera module onto the lunar surface • Launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Molniya rocket on Jan 31 1966 • On Feb 1 1966 Luna 9 soft landed on the Moon surface at 7.13 degrees north, 60.36 degrees west in the Oceanus Procellarum • Discoveries • Established that a heavy object would not sink into the lunar dust • Returned five panoramas of the Moon’s surface

6. Luna 17 / Lunokhod 1 • First to land a robotic rover • Luna 17 based off Luna 16 transported Lunokhod 1 instead of Luna 16’s sample return spacecraft • Lunokhod 1 first robotic vehicle to operate on the Moon’s surface • Eight independent motorized wire-mesh wheels • Lid contained solar cell array to recharge batteries • Two man driving team via a pair of tv cameras • Special device to impact lunar soil for density and mechanical property tests • Included x-ray spectrometer, an x-ray telescope, cosmic-ray detectors, and a laser device • Mission to softland Lunokhod • Launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by 4 stage Proton rocket on Nov 10 1970 • On Nov 17 1970 Luna 17 soft landed on the Moon surface at 38.28 degrees north, 35 degrees west in the Mare Imbrium • Expected to operate 3 lunar days but actually operated for 11 lunar days • 15 minutes after landing radio link was established with Lunokhod 1 • Oct 4 1971 Lunokhod officially declared “dead” • Discoveries • Lunokhod traveled 10,540 m, transmitted over 20,000 tv pictures, more than 200 tv panoramas, and over 500 lunar soiltests • French built laser reflector on Lunokhod 1 used to measure the precise distance from the Earth to the Moon

8. Zond 5 • First spacecraft to loop around the moon and return to earth • Carried higher resolution cameras for far side moon shots and far earth shots • Carried a biological payload. • Turtles, Wine flies, and meal worms • Plants, seeds , and bacteria • Was believed to be a test for future manned Moon missions • Mission to go around the far side of the moon and return • Launched from a Tyazheliy Sputnik in Earth parked orbit on Sept 15 1968 • On Sept 18 1968 Zond 5 flew around the moon, closest distance was 1950 km. • Sept 21 1968 the reentry capsule entered the earth’s atmosphere, capsule splashed down in the Indian ocean • Discoveries • Proved method for spacecraft flight around the moon and back • Found the biological payload okay after being behind the moon

9. U.S. Missions • Pioneer Program • Pioneer 0 1958 failure (orbiter) • Pioneer 1 1958 failure (orbiter) • Pioneer 3 1958 failure (flyby) • Pioneer 4 1959 partial success (flyby) • Ranger Program • Ranger 1 - 3 1962 failure (impactor) • Ranger 4 1962 success (impactor) • Ranger 5 1962 partial failure (impactor ->flyby) • Ranger 6 1964 failure (impactor) • Ranger 7 1964 success (impactor) • Ranger 8 1964 success (impactor) • Ranger 9 1964 success (impactor) • Surveyor Program • Surveyor 1 1966 success (lander) • Surveyor 2 1966 partial failure (lander) • Surveyor 3 1967 success (lander) • Surveyor 4 1967 partial failure (lander) • Surveyor 5 1967 success (lander) • Surveyor 6 1967 success (lander) • Surveyor 7 1968 success (lander)

10. U.S. Missions Cont. • Lunar Orbiter Program • Lunar Orbiter 1 1966 success (orbiter) • Lunar Orbiter 2 1966-67 success (orbiter) • Lunar Orbiter 3 1967 success (orbiter) • Lunar Orbiter 4 1967 success (orbiter) • Lunar Orbiter 5 1968 success (orbiter) • Other Programs • Explorer 35 1967-73 success (orbiter) • Clementine 1994 success (orbiter) • Lunar Prospector 1998-99 success (orbiter)

11. U.S. Missions • Pioneer Program • Pioneer 0 1958 failure (orbiter) • Pioneer 1 1958 failure (orbiter) • Pioneer 3 1958 failure (flyby) • Pioneer 4 1959 partial success (flyby) • Ranger Program • Ranger 1 - 3 1962 failure (impactor) • Ranger 4 1962 success (impactor) • Ranger 5 1962 partial failure (impactor ->flyby) • Ranger 6 1964 failure (impactor) • Ranger 7 1964 success (impactor) • Ranger 8 1964 success (impactor) • Ranger 9 1964 success (impactor) • Surveyor Program • Surveyor 1 1966 success (lander) • Surveyor 2 1966 partial failure (lander) • Surveyor 3 1967 success (lander) • Surveyor 4 1967 partial failure (lander) • Surveyor 5 1967 success (lander) • Surveyor 6 1967 success (lander) • Surveyor 7 1968 success (lander)

12. U.S. Missions Cont. • Lunar Orbiter Program • Lunar Orbiter 1 1966 success (orbiter) • Lunar Orbiter 2 1966-67 success (orbiter) • Lunar Orbiter 3 1967 success (orbiter) • Lunar Orbiter 4 1967 success (orbiter) • Lunar Orbiter 5 1968 success (orbiter) • Other Programs • Explorer 35 1967-73 success (orbiter) • Clementine 1994 success (orbiter) • Lunar Prospector 1998-99 success (orbiter)

13. Ranger 7 • First true successful U.S. spacecraft to return data prior to impact • Shares the same structure design as Ranger 6, 8, and 9 • Carried a wide array of cameras to capture images prior to impact • 6 total cameras • 2 wide angle • 4 narrow angle • Overall height of Ranger 7 was 3.6 m. • Overall cost of Ranger program ~$170 million • Mission to hit the moon and take as many picture prior to poof • Launched July 28 1964 • On July 31 1964 impacted the Moon at 10.70 south, 339.33 east latitude • Results • Transmitted 4,308 excellent quality images

14. Surveyor 1 • First U.S. Soft landing on the Moon • First of several landers to obtain data for possible man mission • Carried very little scientific instrumentation • Over 100 engineering sensors on board • Mission to land on the Moon and collect surface data • Launched May 30 1966 • On June 2 1966 landed latitude -2.45 and longitude 316.79 • Results • Returned surface data that would be used in the later Apollo program.

16. Surveyor 6 • Continued softlanding U.S. spacecraft • 4th Surveyor to land safely on the moon • Carried very simular equipment as its predacesors but added an improved tv camera • Overall cost of the Surveyor program 469 million • Mission to land on the Moon and collect surface data • Launched July 28 1964 • On Nov 7 1967 impacted the Moon at 0.49 latitude and 358.6 Longitude • Results • Continued soil sampling and surface conditions • Established that lunar maria are remarkable uniform chemically as well in physical properties

18. Lunar Orbiter 1 • Information gathering program on landing sites and general research • Designed to photograph smooth areas of the lunar surface • First of 5 Orbiters that photographed 99% of the moons surface • Total cost of the Lunar Orbiters program $163 Million • Mission to orbit and collect possible landing sites along with general exploration • Launched August 10 1966 • On October 29 1966 impacted at 6.35 N, 160.72 E lunar farside • Results • Transmitted 42 high resolution and 187 medium resolution images

19. Taruntius crater

20. Questions ?

21. References • www.Wikipedia.org • http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov • www.zarya.info • www.Dkimages.com • www.google.com