Michelangelo’s The Creation of Adam. Sistine Chapel ceiling; Italy’s Vatican City.

1. INTRODUCTION: Between 1300 and 1600 the Western world was transformed. An extraordinary wave of intellectual, artistic and cultural innovationshattered medieval society and brought European culture into the modern era. This was the era of the Renaissance and Reformation Michelangelo’s The Creation of Adam. Sistine Chapel ceiling; Italy’s Vatican City. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

2. BEFORE WE BEGIN • the knowledge of the Bible in the hands of the common man changed a worldview that had boxed and fixed science for more than 1500 years. The Greeks saw the universe as fixed and limited the elements of fire, water, wind, and earth. The Scriptures showed a universe created by God who fixed its laws and made it predictable. The Bible energized men to create instruments (for example, the telescope, microscope, and stethoscope) to see and hear things that were never possible before. • While these developments are commonly attributed to the Renaissance, what occurred simultaneous with the Renaissance? The Reformation. As God’s laws for the church and society found new meaning and application, His laws were being discovered in nature by His people that were foundational to modern science. • Only the monotheistic religions (Christianity, Judaism, and Mohammedism) describe a universe created and inhabited (immanent and omniscient presence) by God according to fixed laws and holding a knowledge that is broad and deep, as a fitting testimony to its Creator.

3. BEFORE WE BEGIN • Noah Webster’s Dictionary of 1828 is helpful. • Science is: • 1. In a general sense, knowledge, or certain knowledge; the comprehension or understanding of truth or facts by the mind. “The science of God must be perfect.” • 2. In philosophy, a collection of the general principles or leading truths relating to any subject. Pure science, as the mathematics, is built on self-evident truths; but the term science is also applied to other subjects founded on generally acknowledged truths, as metaphysics; or on experiment and observation, as chemistry and natural philosophy; or even to an assemblage of the general principles of an art, as the science of agriculture; the science of navigation. Arts relate to practice, as painting and sculpture… • YOU CAN SEE THAT RENAISSANCE and REFORMATION PHILOSOPHY ENCOMPASSED MANY AREAS OF LIFE INCLUDING THE INTELLECTUAL,POLITICAL,SOCIAL, and RELIGIOUS

4. BRIEF OVERIEW of BOTH • I. Both the Renaissance and Reformation had a significant impact upon the Catholic church. • A. The Renaissance reintroduced Greek and Roman thoughts within the intellectual elite: As a result the church had to compete with the philosophies, literature and paganism of ancient Greece and Rome. • B. The Reformation, in contrast with the Renaissance, was an effort to reform the church. The church had become more of a political institution as opposed to a religious institution For example: Popes sought personal gain - not spiritual perfection • C. The Renaissance was an intellectual reawakening. Idealism of the Classic • Concept of the Universal man, humanism as the keystone • D. The Reformation was a religious reawakening. • E. Both the Renaissance and Reformation were very threatening to the church - The Church told you "What to think" not "How to think". Renaissance and Reformation would change this. • F. Beginning of Protestant religion Protestants different from Catholics • G. Reformation resulted in "protest" against the Catholic church which became Protestant movement • Creation of Protestant religious beliefs which did not recognize the supreme authority of the Pope • H. The New Group of Renaissance Philosophers were called Humanists - The Universal Man - The Renaissance Man, well versed in the arts, sciences, languages, well traveled, well mannered, skilled in sports • I. Three main beliefs of humanism Admired ancient Greeks, classics • emphasized joy of living - enjoy corporeal lives believed in "original goodness", not original sin. • one's corporeal life was worth contemplating

5. BRIEF- RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY • J. BASED ON HUMANISM: The humanists adopted much of the philosophical beliefs of Plato and Aristotle.Humanists - believed in a philosophy that placed its focus on secular concerns - on humans; as opposed to the other worldly or heavenly concerns of earlier philosophies. "Secular Concerns" equals material and corporeal concerns • Remember - the ancient Greeks believed that the body played an important role in human existence - this greatly appealed to the Renaissance way of thinking • Development of the Renaissance Man - "One who uses the mind and body - the well rounded individual." • Universal Man a. cultivated interest in the arts, science and language b. valued Physical Education • C. Ancient Greeks and Roman views were studies and debated • vs. The Reformation religious reformers, argued that the body "housed" the soul • the body could not be denigrated because it was the Temple of God - housed the soul • K. Cultural Changes - The Renaissance was characterized by secular-humanistic influence on thought and culture, Political development of Nations, Economic development based upon trade and commerce etc. • The Renaissance undermines the authority of the Church.What happened if you ignored the authority of the Church?What could the church do?

6. So What is….THE RENAISSANCE • A…. • Socio-Economic • Political • Intellectual • And artistic movement

7. As Europe’s Trade and Growth of Cities was reviving again in the Late Middle Ages, • the Plague struck. • The only way to avoid the disease was for people to leave the city for the country. • This solution was, unfortunately, available only to the wealthy. • The population decrease caused by the plague led to an economic depression. • Merchants and tradespeople had fewer people to whom they could sell their wares. • Economic hardship spread as those who dealt with the merchants--bankers, suppliers, • and shippers--also lost revenue. • As the plague decreased at the start of the 1400s (15th c.), populations swelled, • creating a new demand for goods and services. A new wealthy middle class emerged again - • bankers, merchants, tradespeople and educated professionals. • With the people’s respect of the once all-powerful Church weakened following its many • problems during the Middle Ages, this new educated, wealthy class began to pursue more • secular and human interests – art, science, philosophy, etc. • The invention of the printing press would.lead to increased literacy among the people, • the rapid spread of new knowledge, and education of the masses.

8. In With the New… • Rising merchant class growing out of intense commercialization • New Class System • Old Nobility and Merchant Class • Emergent capitalists and bankers • Less wealthy merchants • Tradesmen • Peasants (25-30%) • Domestic Servants (smaller in numbers)

9. AN OVERIEW • In art…Artists discovered how to paint in three dimensions, bringing new life and realism to their subjects. Breaking away from the religious traditions of the medieval world, they created entirely new genres of art, rich in drama and emotion. Radical new techniques were invented, like painting with oils, and perspective. Artists transformed the way we saw our world. • What are the 8 elements of Renaissance Art?

11. AN OVERIEW • In architecture and science…Buildings were constructed that were bigger and better than ever before. Taking inspiration from the classical past, new rules were invented governing proportion and perspective. Magnificent temples to wealth were designed across Florence and the largest dome in the world was built by Filippo Brunelleschi, the brilliant engineer.Men no longer accepted at face value the teachings of the Church. Now they wanted to study the natural world, to discover for themselves the secrets of the universe. Leonardo da Vinci pioneered the study of human anatomy and Galileo Galilei rocked the Catholic establishment by announcing that the Earth revolved around the Sun. • What made Galileo’s theory objectionable to the Church? How did it differ from Copernicus’s theory? What happened in his trial?

13. AN OVERVIEW • In politics…Coming out of the Catholic Church, education filtered down to the upwardly mobile middle classes. Ancient texts, unread for more than 1,000-years, were devoured and debated. With the invention of printing, ideas swept across Europe faster than ever before, and thinkers and writers shared their opinions with the general public. Vasari recorded the lives of artists and the contribution of the Medici, in a precursor of today's PR. Machiavelli, the Godfather of Realpolitik, wrote the first modern manual for leadership, “The Prince”, visualizing a pragmatic world in which the end always justified the means. Throughout Italy, republics and duchies blossomed under the glow of creative achievement. Around Europe, kings and princes turned their sights on the jewels of Italy and an era of total war was soon unleashed. • In the realm of ethics and morals- do the ends justify the means?

15. AN OVERVIEW • In religion…In this new world of communication and debate, the corruption and decadence of the Catholic Church was seen as almost intolerable. Martin Luther begins the to publish his theories worldwide. This German monk shattered centuries of reverence and assumption, paved the way for a revolution in faith and forever divided the Christian world prompting the Counter-Reformation.

16. 1. The Renaissance- where did it begin? 1300-1600 began in Italy. Firenze-republic ruled by a senate and powerful families (Venezia also a republic) Locate Florence.

17. 2. Renaissance begins in Italy...Why? • Italy’s thriving urban citieswere the center for the renewed trade coming in from the • Middle East that brought in wealth and culture here first before the rest of Europe. • Thriving cities meant opportunities for education, scientific pursuits, and • even…leisure. • A wealthy merchant middle class – became art patrons. • Italy was the home of the old Roman Empire, surrounding everyone • still are the ruins & reminders of the classical Greco-Roman heritage. Florence, Italy today.

18. Renaissance begins in Italy...Why? • Italy’s thriving urban cities were the center for the renewed trade coming in from • the Middle East that brought in wealth and culture here first before the rest of Europe. • Thriving cities meant opportunities for education, scientific pursuits, and even • arts and leisure. • Awealthy merchant middle classwho became art patrons. 3. What role did patrons of the arts play in the development of Renaissance ideas? And who? Wealthy patrons spent money to help artists and architects create works of genius. Cosimo de Medici- Builds a banking dynasty in Florence , Neo-Platonism, Arts Lorenzo de Medici (The MAGNIFICNET)- ruler of Florence and Art Patron1449 - 1492 contributed more than anyone to the flowering of Florence’s artistic genius in the late 15th century, supporting such giants as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Lorenzo treated the artists under his protection with respect and warm-hearted familiarity. Conflict with Savonarola “Whoever wants to be happy, let him be so:about tomorrow there's no knowing.”                                           —Lorenzo The Magnificent (Video clip, http://www.pbs.org/empires/medici/renaissance/)‏ Florence, Italy today. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

19. B. Determining Word Meaning Renaissance – the rebirth of great art and classical learning that began in northern Italy around 1300 A.D. Renaissance – is the French translation of the Italian word rinascita which means, “rebirth.” But “rebirth” of what? The Renaissance style would focus on 2 Main Components: I. a “rebirth” or return of the classical style developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, II. an intensified concern with secular life—interest in humanism and assertion of the importance of the individual.

20. Michelangelo’s David * • is the very “definition” • of what the Renaissance is about: • the return to the Greek style. • But also the influence of humanism – • here a young boy who slays his giant reminds us all • Man can achieve great things on his own! How is the Renaissance emphasis on Humanism different from the old Medieval view? B. Determining Word Meaning Humanism – a new philosophy or outlook that focuses on humankind’s achievements and potential to achieve great things.

21. How did humanism influence the growth of learning? Humanists believed mankind’s achievements and successes should be praised– unlike the old Church teaching that this was vanity or sinful.They encouraged artists to copy the classical style of the Greeks and Romanswho had made great advances in art, architecture, and the sciences. “School of Athens” * ~ Raphael In this wall fresco, Raphael (1483-1520) pays tribute to mankind’s achievements - Greek philosophers, scientists, astronomers, and mathematicians engage in philosophic inquiry together in one place though they lived in different times. Wall frescoe, Vatican Museums, Rome Italy.

22. In these two works we see mankind “enjoying life.” Left:The Peasant Dance by Pieter Brueghel the Elder. . 2. How did ideas about piety and a simple life change? Although people remained Christians; the everyday society was becoming more secular(emphasizing non-religious pursuits / concerned with the here and now). The wealthy, the educated, and even upper-clergy believed they could enjoy life now without fear of offending God.

23. 3. What effects did the emphasis on individuals have on painters and sculptors? Artists now painted portraits of prominent citizens, showed their distinct characteristics; Artists now painted portraits of prominent citizens, showed their distinct characteristics; Chancellor Rolin and the Virgin ~ Jan Van Eyck 1435 Louvre Museum, Paris.

24. 3. What effects did the emphasis on individuals have on painters and sculptors? Artists now painted portraits of prominent citizens, showed their distinct characteristics; they developedperspective in order to achieve realism in their art; As a result, the painted surface was regarded as a window on the natural world, and it became the task of painters to portray this world in their art. B. Determining Word Meaning perspective – an art technique that gives the appearance of three-dimensional realism, distance, or depth. Marriage of the Virgin - Raphael

25. Does man appear equal to God? Care about God? Need God? (“Creation of Adam”); The Sistine Chapel Ceiling * ~ Michelangelo. Recently restored.

26. RENAISSANCE ART • Return to Classical Style • Achievements of Man / Individual praised • Religious subject matter fused with Classical • or depicted in present surroundings • Emphasis on this world, not “other world,” • man’s ability to understand natural world. • Science viewed more positively “The Ambassadors” ~ Hans Holbein the Younger

27. RENAISSANCE ART Reveals struggle between Faith vs. Reason; Biblical vs. Scientific; Secular vs. Sacred, etc. Is the Church being pushed aside, Science now in the foreground? Or, is the artist indicating that from above Christ looks down in judgement upon Science?

28. FOCAL POINT “The Last Supper” ~ Leonardo da Vinci *

29. Renaissance Ideas Spread to Northern Europe • 1. What factors led to the • beginning of the Renaissance • in northern Europe? • the northern population • began to recover from • the plague. • Hundred Years’ War • finally ended. • cities were growing • rapidly • city merchants were • becoming wealthy • enough to become • “patrons” as well as • educated in Humanist • pursuits. Monarchs in England and in France (such as Francis I who hired Italian architects to build his palace at Fontainebleau) supported the arts and introduced Renaissance styles to northern Europe.

30. 2. How did writers reflect Renaissance values in their work? They wrote in the vernacular; wrote about non-religious (secular) topics – simply for leisure, fun, self-expression; and pursued independent thought and investigation other than or in addition to what the church taught. B. Determining Word Meaning vernacular – the language of the local people. (not Latin!)‏ Petrarch, often called the “father of humanism” authored beautiful sonnets in the vernacular Italian and they were about a love of his life named Laura.

31. 3. How did the writing of Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Machiavelli demonstrate the values of humanism? Petrarch wrote about Laura – an ideal woman. Boccaccio wrote about the follies of characters in the Decameron. Machiavelli wrote about the imperfect conduct of humans in The Prince. Born May 3, 1469 in Florence, Italy, Machiavelli was a political philosopher during the Renaissance, and is most famous for his political treatise, The Prince (1513), It has become a cornerstone of modern political philosophy. “No enterprise is more likely to succeed than one concealed from the enemy until it is ripe for execution.”                                  —Machiavelli from The Art of War

32. DO YOU AGREE or DISAGREE? “Being a good ruler means sometimes doing the unpopular in order to achieve what is best for one’s people in the long run.” “A shrewd politician knows he may have to sometimes employ devious methods if he is to stay in power.” “The End justifies the Means.” “At any given time a ruler may be faced with sending men to their deaths in battle. He must be willing to sacrifice those few in order to save the many.” “Rulers can not be expected to live under the same “morality” as the masses they rule. They must at times choose corrupt, distasteful, even evil means in order to achieve a final good for their people.” “It is better that a Ruler should be feared by his people than loved by them.” ~ Machiavelli

33. Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian statesman and writer and is considered one of the most significant political thinkers of the Renaissance. His best-known work, The Prince, describes cunning and unscrupulous methods for rulers to gain and keep power. A.) The Prince (1532; trans. 1640) - describes the method by which a prince can acquire and maintain political power. B.) It is believed he was defending the tyranny of such cruel rulers of his day as Cesare Borgia. C.) He believed that a ruler is not bound by traditional ethical norms like the people the ruler’s rules should be. D.) a prince should be concerned only with power and be bound only by rules that would lead to success in political actions. “The End justifies the Means.”“Better to be feared than loved.” E.) believed that these rules could be discovered by deduction from the political practices of the time, as well as from those of earlier periods.

34. Today we still use the phrase machiavellian to refer to someone who pursues an action that, though may not be viewed as morally right, he believes will be politically effective. Can you think of examples in American or World History / Politics of leaders whose decisions might be considered machiavellian ?

35. 4. Renaissance Ideas Spread to Northern Europe Since antiquity it had been scribes and later, monks in the Medieval period, who copied all manuscripts by hand … UNTIL … Johann Gutenberg invented a “printing press” – or, the technique of printing from movable blocks of type letters. Gutenberg was a 15th-century German craftsman, inventor, and printer. He used hand-set type cast in molds to print multiple copies of manuscripts. Copying now became mechanized and much faster. The invention of movable-type printing facilitated an easier exchange of ideas throughout Europe and helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance.

36. Renaissance Ideas Spread to Northern Europe Johann Gutenberg invented a “printing press” – or, the technique of printing from movable blocks of type letters. It is said that other great historical events such as the Protestant Reformation of the 1500s, the Scientific Age of Enlightenment of the 1600s, and the French Revolution in the 1700s would likely have not been such transforming forces had it not been for the invention of the printing press. Explain why historians would make such an assertion. The Gutenberg Bible – one of only 5 existing copies, purchased by the University of Texas Harry Ransom Center museum in 1978.

37. Northern Writers Try to Reform Society “Northern Renaissance writers also adopted the ideas of Humanism... however, some gave it a more religious slant.” 5. Desiderius Erasmus – a Christian humanist, wrote “The Praise of Folly” which poked fun at people’s human flaws such as greedy merchants, arrogant priests, etc. He believed mankind could improve society by reading the Bible and that Christianity was about “the heart” and not a bunch of “rules and ceremonies” done in Church. Erasmus was from the Dutch region of Holland and received many honors in his lifetime. He was often critical of the “mindless” rituals Christians performed during church services and their ignorance about the actual Bible itself. “It is the chief point of happiness when a man is willing to be what he is - not what others would have him be.” ~ Erasmus, 1527.

38. Northern Writers Try to Reform Society 6. Thomas More – an English humanist concerned about society’s problems. He wrote “Utopia,” about an ideal model of society. Utopia is Greek for “no place” – More’s sense of humor is shown since this perfect society he gives this name to clearly did not exist. More served as Speaker in the House of Commons and Lord Chancellor during the reign of King Henry VIII of England. When Henry began his plan to separate the Church of England from the Catholic Pope, More defended Catholicism and the struggle with his king would lead eventually to his trial for treason and his beheading in 1535 at the Tower of London. The events are dramatized in a classic film entitled “A Man for All Seasons.” Statue of More in Chelsea, London

39. Northern Writers Try to Reform Society 7. William Shakespeare – English playwright whose plays examine human flaws but also express the Renaissance view of humanity’s potential. Many of his plays focus on Greek or Roman subjects and classical plots. The Globe Theater Shakespeare had this “theater in the round” built on the banks of the Thames River in London, 1599 – 1614. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School