PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM (PCAP)

1. PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM (PCAP)

2. Sources of Air Pollution in Pakistan Vehicles Garbage Burning Transboundary Pollution Domestic Burning Bio-mass Burning Natural Dust Industry Brick Kilns Stone Crushers

3. Pakistan’s Energy Supplies Total: 40.4 toe/y (825,000 toe/d) Gas Fossil Fuels 87% 37.3% LPG Nuclear 0.4% 0.2% Indigenous Oil 6.8% 13.0% Hydro 5.1% 37.1% Coal Imported Oil

4. QUALITY OF FUEL OIL • Pakistan Other Countries ofRegion • Sulphur in Diesel oil0.5% 0.05-0.5% • Sulphur in Furnace oil3% 0.5-1%

5. VEHICLE POPULATION million 1980 0.682 1985 1.288 1990 1.990 1995 2.876 2000 3.997 2004 4.973 RISE SINCE 1980 > 600% PRESENT ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH: 12% Growth of Vehicles (Millions) Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan National Transport Research Centre

6. Growth of Vehicles(1980-2003) Type of vehicleNos (000)% increase 1980 2003 Motorcycles 287 2401 837 % Motor cars 148 1035 699 % Jeeps 16 41 256 % Rickshaws 32 80 250 % Delivery vans 8 75 938 % Buses 25 98 392 % Trucks 34 138 406 % Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2003-2004

7. Inefficient Burning of Fuel

8. Adding Particulate Matters to Ambient Air

9. Pollution Caused by Steel Furnaces

10. Level of Suspended Particulate MattersMajor Cities • g/m3Microgram per Cubic Meter • Multan 1030 • Faisalabad 870 • Lahore 895 • Karachi 230 • Rawalpindi 709 • Islamabad 520 • Peshawar 834 • WHO Guidelines:120 g/m3 • Japanese Standards:200 g/m3 Source: EPD/SUPARCO/NWFP EPA/PAK-EPA Studies carried out in 1993-2003

11. A Typical PM10 DistributionBaghbanpura, Gujranwala Year 2003

12. AIR EMISSION TRENDSALL SOURCES Source:Country Report on Male Declaration 2000

13. Effects of Air Pollution • Haze (fades out colors, affecting tourism and public health) • High suspended particulate matters facilitate formation of fog • Less Blue Sky Days • Respiratory Diseases (Cough and irritation of throat are very common) • Increased deaths due to Heart Attack • Less agricultural yield • Suspended particulate matters facilitate spreading of airborne bacteria and viruses • Deposition of dust on surface

14. A uniform haze degrades visibility evenly across the horizon and from the ground to a height well above the highest features of the landscape. Uniform haze often travels long distances and covers large geographic areas, in which case it is called a regional haze.

15. In a layered haze, you can see the top edge of the pollution layer. This is often the case when pollution is trapped near the ground beneath a temperature inversion.

16. Plume hazeresult from local sources. Plumes and plume-like layers of elevated pollution take their shape under certain meteorological condition where the air is stable or constrained.

17. How to Reduce SPM and Haze ? Five types of fine particles contribute to SPM and haze formation: Sulphates, Nitrates, Organic Carbon, Elemental Carbon, and Crustal Material (loose dust). We must reduce emissions across broad areas of the country

18. COSTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE Cost to Pakistan Economy In sixEnvironmental Areas US $ 1.8 billion Annual Damage in US$ Municipal Solid & Liquid Waste 883 million Urban Air Pollution 369 million Soil in Cropland Degradation 357 million Rangeland Degradation 125 million Deforestation 28 million Destruction of Mangrove Forests 15.7 million Total 1777.7 million Source: Dr. Brandon-World Bank 1992-93/Mathew Addison 1997

19. NEED FOR A NATIONAL PROGRAM Federal and Provincial Governments have taken a number of steps to control air pollution but given the magnitude of the problem, a systematic and coordinated approach is needed through a national program to improve air quality

20. PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAMPCAP

21. Pakistan Clean Air ProgramPCAP • Phasing out 2-stroke and diesel public service vehicles in urban centers • Establishment of Continuous Air Monitoring stations • Raising Awareness • Fuel Improvement and balanced fuel mix • Vehicle Inspection System • Promotion of CNG and Alternate Fuels Fuel efficiency in road transport and domestic appliances • Fuel Adulteration Management • Industrial Zoning • Traffic Management • Waste Management • Mass Transit • Adoption of EURO standards at manufacturing stage • Promotion of pollution control technology (including catalytic converters, exhaust recirculation devices, Particulate Matter arresters ) • Industrial Emission Monitoring • Paving alongside major roads • Plantation to stabilize loose dust

22. PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLESConti…………

23. PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLESConti…………

24. PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLESConti…………

25. PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLESConti…………

26. Expected Shifting of 2-stroke, diesel and old vehicles Islamabad Rawalpindi to nearby small cities Gujranwala Lahore Sialkok Sargodha to nearby small cities Sahiwal Okara Faisalabad Sheikhupura to nearby small cities Multan Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan to nearby small cities Jahang Karachi Hyderabad Sukhar to nearby small cities Peshawar Mardan to other small cities Quetta to nearby small cities

27. PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PORGRAMME • Fitness inspection shall be made compulsory for all private vehicles. • Production of 2-stroke vehicles of any sort shall be banned within five years. • To facilitate implementation of PCAP, special incentives including soft loans and credit line shall be provided

28. Ministry of Environment will coordinate with concerned Federal and Provincial Governments to implement PCAP

29. Recommendation • Pakistan Clean Air Program may be approved for implementation