U.S. History 1877-Present

1. U.S. History 1877-Present End of 3rd Nine Week Benchmark Test Review Power Point

2. USII.2a: The Great Plains 1. Physical features and climate of the Great Plains: • Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west • Land eroded by wind and water • Frequent dust storms • Low rainfall

3. USII.2a: The Great Plains 2. Technological advances allowed people to live in more challenging environments. 3. Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” , but a vast area to be settled.

4. USII.2a: The Great Plains • The 8 inventions/adaptations of the Great Plains: *barbed wire *beef cattle raising *steel plows *wheat farming *dry farming *windmills *sod houses *railroads

5. USII.2b: Advances in Transportation • Advances in transportation linked resources, products, and markets by: a. Moving natural resources such as copper and lead to eastern factories. b. Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills in Pittsburgh c. Transporting finished products to national markets.

6. USII.2b: Advances in Transportation • Three examples of manufacturing areas that were located near centers of population included: a. Textile in New England (Northeast) b. Automobile in Detroit (Midwest) c. Steel in Pittsburgh (Northeast)

7. USII.3a Reconstruction 7. Reconstruction took place after the Civil War. 8. The 13th Amendment banned slavery in the United States and any of its territories. 9. The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States.

8. USII.3a Reconstruction continued 10. The 15th Amendment ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race or color or previous condition of servitude. 11. The14th Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law for ALL citizens.

9. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems 12. Reconstruction policies were harsh and created problems in the South. 13. Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that the former enslaved African Americans had achieved.

10. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems 14. Reconstruction policies and problems included: Southern military leaders could not hold office. African Americans could hold public office. c. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement.

11. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued: d. Northern soldiers supervised the South e. Freedman’s Bureau was established to aid former enslaved African American in the South. f. Southerners resented northern “carpetbaggers”, who took advantage of the South during Reconstruction.

12. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued: 15. Reconstruction ended with the Election of 1876. a. Federal troops were removed. b. Rights that African Americans gained were lost through black codes.

13. USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass 16. The actions of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass created lasting impacts. 17. Abraham Lincoln: Reconstruction plan called for reconciliation. Preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South.

14. USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass continued 18. Robert E. Lee: a. Urged Southerners to reconcile at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue to fight. b. Became president of Washington College which is now known as Washington and Lee University.

15. USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass continued 19. Frederick Douglass: Fought for adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights. b. Had a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for all.

16. USII.4a Westward Expansion 20. New opportunities and technological advances led to westward migration following the Civil War.

17. USII.4a Westward Expansion 21. The 5 reasons for westward expansion: *Opportunities for landownership *Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad *Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver *Adventure *A new new beginning for former slaves, also called Exodusters.

18. USII.4a Westward Expansion continued 22. The Impact on American Indians: a. Opposition by American Indians to westward expansion (Battle of Little Big Horn, Sitting Bull, and Geronimo). b. Forced relocation from traditional lands to reservations (Chief Joseph, Nez Perce’). c. Reduced population through warfare and disease (Battle of Wounded Knee).

19. USII.4a Westward Expansion continued d. Assimilation attempts and lifestyle changes, e.g. reduction of buffalo population. e. Reduced their homeland through treaties that were broken. f. American Indians were not considered citizens until 1924.

20. Westward Expansion (continued) g. Indian policies and wars -land set aside for Native Americans called reservations -last victory for the native Americans: Battle of Little Bighorn -led his people to Canada to escape living on reservations: Chief Joseph

21. USII.4b: Immigration 23. Reasons for increased immigration were: Hope for better opportunities Escape from oppressive governments Adventure Religious Freedom

22. USII.4b: Immigration 24. The 3 reasons why cities developed: *Specialized industries -steel-Pittsburgh -meatpacking-Chicago *Immigration from other countries *Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities

23. USII.4b: Immigration 25. Inventions that created great change and industrial growth in the United States: *lighting and mechanical uses ofelectricity -Thomas Edison *telephone service -Alexander Graham Bell

24. USII.4b: Immigration 26. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different culturalgroups.

25. USII.4b: Immigration 27. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.

26. USII.4b: Immigration 28. Inventions had both POSITIVE and NEGATIVE effects on society.

27. USII.4b: Immigration 29. Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.

28. USII.4b: Immigration 30. Efforts to solve immigration problems included: *Settlement houses such as Hull House, founded by Jane Addams *Political machines (politicians) that gained power by attending to the needs of newimmigrants

29. USII.4b: Immigration 31. Challenges faced by cities: *Overcrowded and run-down neighborhoods called tenements and ghettos *Political corruption by political machines

30. USII.4b: Immigration 32. Interaction and conflict between different cultural groups: *Discrimination against immigrants: -Chinese -Irish

31. USII.4c: Jim Crow 33. Discrimination against African Americans continued afterReconstruction. 34. Racial segregation is: *based upon race *directed primarily against AfricanAmericans, but other groups were also kept segregated

32. USII.4c: Jim Crow 35. “Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans. Although these laws were legal in many communities and states, they were enforced primarily in the Southeast region.

33. USII.4c: Jim Crow 36. “Jim Crow” laws were characterized by unequal opportunities inhousing, work, education,andgovernment.

34. USII.4c: Jim Crow 37. African American responses included: *Booker T. Washington -believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social separation *W.E.B. Du Bois -believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans

35. USII.4d: Big Business 38. Between the Civil War and WWI, the United states was transformed from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

36. USII.4d: Big Business 39. The 4 Reasons for the Rise and Prosperity of Big Business: *National markets created by transportation advances *Captains of Industry: John D. Rockefeller, Oil Andrew Carnegie, Steel Henry Ford, Automobile Cornelius Vanderbilt, Shipping & Railroads *Advertising *Lower-cost production

37. USII.4d: Big Business 40. The 4 factors resulting in the growth of industry: *Access to raw materials and energy *Availability of the work force *Inventions *Financial resources provided by the captains of industry

38. USII.4d: Big Business 41. Examples of Big Business: *Railroads *Oil *Steel

39. USII.4d: Big Business 42. Industrialization and the rise in big business influenced life on American farms by: *Mechanization (the reaper) which reduced farm labor needs and increased production *Industrial development in citiescreated increased labor needs *Industrialization provided access to consumer goods, such as mail order

40. USII.4e Progressive Movement • 43. The Negative Effects of Industrialization • Child Labor • Low Wages, long hours • Unsafe working conditions Progressive Movement Workplace Reforms • Placed restrictions on child labor • Reduced Work Hours • Improved safety conditions

41. 44. Rise of organized labor • Formation of Unions: Growth of American Federation of Labor • Strikes: Aftermath of Homestead Strike

42. 45. Women’s Suffrage • Increased educational opportunities • Attained voting rights *Women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment to the constitution of the United States of America *Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s suffrage.

43. 46. Temperance Movement • Composed of groups opposed to the making, sale and transportOR consumption of alcoholic beverages. • Supported the 18th Amendment to the constitution of the United States, prohibiting the making, transport, and sale of alcoholic beverages.

44. 47. Reasons for the Spanish American War • American Business Interests in Cuba (sugar) • American support of Cuban Rebels to gain their Independence from Spain • Rising Tensions as a Result of the Sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor • Exaggerated News Reports of Events: Yellow Journalism

45. 48. Results of the Spanish American War • 1. America emerged as a world power • 2. Cuba gained their independence from Spain • 3. The United States gained possession of : The Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

46. 49. Theodore Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine as a way to prevent European involvement in the affairs of Caribbean/Latin American and South American countries.

47. 50. Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policies and their impact on the United States included the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine which states: • Asserted the United States’ right to interfere in economic matters of nations in the Americas • Claimed the United States’ right to exercise international police power (use of military) • Advocated the “Big Stick” Diplomacy (building the Panama Canal)

48. 51. What year did WWI begin? • 1914

49. 52. What continent did WWI take place? • Europe

50. 53. What year did the U.S. get involved in WWI? • 1917