Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. 1 Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.1: The Language of Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.2: Basic Physiological Processes Lesson 1.3: How Forces Affect the Body Lesson 1.4: Understanding Science

2. Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.1 The Language of Anatomy and Physiology

3. The Language of Anatomy and Physiology • introducing anatomy and physiology • describing the human body • the metric system

4. Introducing Anatomy and Physiology • human anatomy • identify the parts of the human body • gross human anatomy • microscopic human anatomy • human physiology • how the parts of the human body function

5. Describing the Human Body • anatomical position • planes • sagittal • frontal • transverse

6. Common Directional Terms

7. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. The frontal plane divides the body into left and right halves. 2. Proximal means closer to the trunk. 3. Lateral means away from the midline of the body.

8. Body Cavities • dorsal (posterior) cavities • cranial • spinal • ventral (anterior) cavities • thoracic • abdominopelvic • abdominal • pelvic

9. Body Cavities

10. The Metric System • meter–measures length • kilogram–measures mass • second–measures time • Kelvin–measures temperature

11. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: diaphragm, kilogram, or thoracic. 1. The heart is located in the _______________ cavity. 2. The _______________ separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 3. The metric base unit of mass is the _______________.

12. A Stick Man’s Guide To Anatomical Position and Motion

13. Dorsal Side

14. Ventral

15. Anterior – Depends of Biped / Quadriped • In cats, the Clavotrapezius is Anterior to the Spinotrapezius.

16. Posterior – To the Rear • The Back side of Humans – Toward the rear in Cats; ex. The tail is posterior to the pelvis in cats.

17. Inferior - Beneath • For Example: The Hip is Inferior to the Head in Humans; the nose is Inferior to the ears in Cats.

18. Superior - Above • The Shoulders are Superior to the Pelvis in Humans;

19. Median / Sagittal Plane • Cut in half from front to back, making left and right halves.

20. Coronal Plane

21. Transverse Plane

22. Cranial • Toward the head

23. Caudal - Towards the Tail

24. Lateral – to the side • Ex. The Lungs are Lateral to the Heart

25. Medial – Toward the Center • Ex. The Heart is Medial to the Lungs

26. Proximal – closer • The Elbow is Proximal to the Hand

27. Distal – farther away • The Fingers are Distal to the Hand

28. Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.2 Basic Physiological Processes

29. Basic Physiological Processes • structural and functional organization of the body • Homeostasis – “The dynamic constancy of the internal environment, the maintenance of which is the principal function of physiological regulatory mechanisms. The concept of homeostasis provides a framework for understanding most physiological processes.” • IN OTHER WORDS: The balance of the processes in the body. • Metabolism - The sum total of the chemical changes that occur within a cell. • IN OTHER WORDS: Build v Break

30. Structural Organization of the Body • Atoms – The smallest unit of matter

31. Molecules - is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds Structural Organization of the Body

32. Cells - The structural and functional unit of an organism; the smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life. Structural Organization of the Body

33. Tissues - An aggregation of similar cells and their binding intercellular substance, joined to perform a specific function. Structural Organization of the Body

34. Organs - A structure consisting of two or more tissues that performs a specific function. Structural Organization of the Body

35. Organ systems - A group of body organs that function together. Structural Organization of the Body

37. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks: 1. The _______________ system supports the body. 2. The _______________ system eliminates waste. 3. The _______________ system transports oxygen.

38. Homeostasis • control mechanisms maintain a steady internal environment • receptor • control center • effector Rido/Shutterstock.com

39. Homeostasis • negative feedback • conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction trigger a negative reaction in the opposite direction • positive feedback • conditions cause a reaction to accelerate

40. Homeostatic Imbalance • organ systems have a diminished ability to keep the body’s internal environment within the normal ranges

41. Metabolism • anabolism • big molecules made from smaller molecules • catabolism • big molecule broken into smaller molecules • metabolic rate

42. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Negative feedback mechanisms increase disruptive forces. 2. Homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a steady internal environment. 3. Anabolism breaks molecules down.

43. Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.3 How Forces Affect the Body

44. How Forces Affect the Body • basic kinetic concepts • forces and injury to the human body

45. Basic Kinetic Concepts • force • push or pull • mass and weight • pressure • force spread over an area • torque • twisting force

46. Forces and Injury to the Human Body • compression • squeezing force • tension • pulling force • shear • tearing apart force

47. Directional Force Distribution within the Body

48. Mechanical Stress • types of stress • compressive • tensile • shear

49. Combined Loads • multiple forces acting at same time • bending • off-center force • torsion • twisting force

50. The Effects of Force Application • Acceleration • Deformation -change in the shape or size of an object  • Elastic – reversible change • Plastic – non reversible change