1 / 96

Hereditary diseases. Congenital malformations.

Hereditary diseases. Congenital malformations. Dr. György Fekete. Congenital malformations. Conception – organogenesis - birth Genetic causes Environmental factors (teratogens) Visible/ recognazible at birth Later manifestation. Genetic conditions: causes of acute and chronic diseases

mmcneal
Download Presentation

Hereditary diseases. Congenital malformations.

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Hereditary diseases. Congenital malformations. Dr. György Fekete

  2. Congenital malformations • Conception – organogenesis - birth • Genetic causes • Environmental factors (teratogens) • Visible/ recognazible at birth • Later manifestation

  3. Genetic conditions: causes of acute and chronic diseases • Onset of disease: fetus,infant, child, adult • Genetic abnormalities may produce: congenital malformations, metabolic disturbances,specific organ dysfunction, abnormalities of sexual differentiation

  4. Monogenic diseases: 1% of newborn babies • Chromosomal aberrations: 0.5% • Multifactorial disorders: 1-3%

  5. Monogenic diseases: 1% of newborn babies • Chromosomal aberrations: 0.5% • Multifactorial disorders: 1-3%

  6. Inherited conditions • If a single allele has a detectable effect: dominant • If two functionally identical alleles cause the effect: recessive • XY males are hemizygous for genes on the X chromosome

  7. Mendelian inheritance Autosomal dominant inheritance • If one parent displays a dominant condition and is heterozygous for the gene, each child has a 50% chance of receiving the single allele and of manifesting the condition • Not all individuals with the affected gene my be symptomatic • Penetrance: percentage of patients with the gene mutation who manifest symptoms

  8. Expressivity: spectrum of severity in patiens having clinical manifestation • Examples:achondroplasia, Crouzon syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I, II, Marfan syndrome,hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE)

  9. Autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance • Consanguinity increases the risk • The risk of two carriers of gene mutation having a child with AR diseases is 1 in 4 : 25% • Examples:phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, sickle cell disease, Gaucher disease, Pompe disease

  10. Sex – linked inheritance • The gene locus is on the X chromosome • When the mother is a carrier of the gene mutation, 50% of male offspring will have the disease, and 50% of female offspring will be carriers • All daughters of the ill father will be obligate carriers • Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD),hemophilia A and B, adrenoleukodystrophy, Fabry disease

  11. Mitochondrial diseases

  12. Importance • Prevalence in newborns: 46-50 %o • 25-40 per cent of infant mortality • One factor in prematurity and intrauterine dystrophy • Severe conditions • Burden: child, family, society

  13. Classification • Severity: major and minor malformations • Major: hindering significant organ functions • Isolated (GI atresias, Fallot – tetralogy) • Multiple: two or more organs, organ systems • Genetic: chromosome aberration, monolocus, other mechanism (uniparental disomy, genomic imprinting, triplet expansion, mitochondrial) • Teratogens (TORCH, chemicals, drugs, irradiation) • Genetic + environmental (multifactorial, complex diseases)

  14. Minor malformations • Informative morphogenetic variants • Non - functional, harmless, esthetical deviations - Epicanthus

  15. Supernumerary nipple

  16. Minor malformations • Bifid uvula • 4 digits crease

  17. Hypertelorism

  18. Low – set ears

  19. Craniofacial dysmorphy („peculiar face”) • Elements of face are forming from the 4. embryonal week. Face of fetus: 8. gestational week

  20. Ossification anomalies of sutures (craniostenosis) • Craniosynostosis (+ corpus callosum agenesia, hydrocephalus )

  21. Craniofacial dysostosis type I Crouzon syndrome

  22. Crouzon syndrome • AD, gene: 10q26

  23. Crouzon syndrome • Apert syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly type I) • Gene: 10q26,fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR-2) • Advanced paternal age ( >45 yrs) • Pfeiffer syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly type V) • Gene: 10q26, 8p11.2-11.1(FGFR-1)

  24. Apert syndrome

  25. Pfeiffer syndrome

  26. Splits • Split lip / palate (cheilo- gnatho- palatoschisis)

  27. Mandibulofacial dysostosis: Treacher - Collins syndrome

  28. Steps of examination • Parents, sibs, grandparents: resemblance? (photos!) • Anatomical/ morphological deviation? • Isolated or multiple? • Psychomotor retardation? • Other minor malformations? Hidden malformations (internal organs) ? • Teratogenic exposition? • Special methods / investigations • Councelling: prognosis, therapy

  29. Special methods • Laboratory data • Imaging techniques (CT, MRI) • Cytogenetics • DNA analysis • Biochemical studies

  30. Recognizable malformations in newborn age • Down- syndrome • ( trisomy chromosome 21 ) 21q22

  31. Patau -, Edwards- syndrome • Patau- syndrome (trisomy chromosome 13) • Edwards- syndrome (trisomy chromosome 18)

  32. Prader – Willi syndrome

  33. Turner syndrome (45,X):lymphedema on the back of the hand / feet, pterygium colli

  34. DiGeorge syndrome

  35. Isolated malformations / newborns • Anencephaly • Spina bifida • Hip dyslocation • Atresias of esophagus and bowels • Pyelectasy (obstructive uropathy) • Diaphragma hernia • Omphalokele • Hirschsprung disease (megacolon congenitum) • Congenital heart disease

  36. Spina bifida

  37. Congenital heart disease, pyloric stenosis

  38. Club- foot, congenital dyslocation of the hip

  39. Inguinal hernia , megacolon congenitum (Hirschsprung disease)

  40. Retentio testis, hypospadiasis

  41. Malformations, dysmorphisms of the skull and face (craniofacial dysmorphy) Mental retardation Multiorgan involvement Maternal age: 35 yrs or more Clinical signs and data of a possible chromosome aberration

  42. Achondroplasia • 1:5000, gene mutacions of fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 gene, 4p16.3

  43. Osteogenesis imperfecta

  44. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) Prevalence: 1/ 2500 – 1/3000 Diagnosticcriteria: 2 or more of thefollowingpointsarepresent • 6 or more café- au -laitspots, diameter > 5 mm. (prepuberty), and > 15 mm. (postpuberty)

  45. 2 or more neurofibromas (fibromatous tumors of the skin), or at least one plexiform neurofibroma

  46. Plexiform neurofibromas • potential for transformation into malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (malignant schwannomas)

  47. Axillary and/ or inguinal freckling

More Related