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Taxonomy

Taxonomy. Taxonomy. Common names Have evolved over centuries in a multitude of languages Sometimes used only in a limited geographical area Problem with common names: One plant may be known by several names in different regions, and the same name may be used for several different plants….

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Taxonomy

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  1. Taxonomy

  2. Taxonomy • Common names • Have evolved over centuries in a multitude of languages • Sometimes used only in a limited geographical area • Problem with common names: • One plant may be known by several names in different regions, and the same name may be used for several different plants…

  3. The science of classification Taxonomy - study of classifying organisms §Taxonomistsare scientists who study classifying §Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Why do we need a system of classification? - brings order - logical means of naming organisms - scientific names are understood globally common names are regional, not specific, and can be misleadingex) puma, cougar and mountain lions are the same organismex) ringworm and mealworms are not actually worms

  4. Mountain lion cougar puma

  5. Ringworm Mealworms

  6. Aristotle divided organisms into two groupsplants: classified them on the basis of structure and sizeanimals: subdivided them on the basis of where they live Carolus LinnaeusSwedish botanist who developed a classification system based on structural features. seven taxa Kingdom: broadest category         Phylum (division in plants)             Class Order Family Genus    Species: most specific; one type of organism §A sentence to help remember these taxa is --- "King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup."

  7. Carolus Linnaeus • Swedish scientist – Carl von Linne(doctor and botanist) born in 1707. • Called the “Father of Systematic Botany” • Established modern system of nomenclature

  8. Linnaeus • Carolus Linnaeus used risque language for his time… • Classifying plants by their flowers, he compared flower parts to human sexuality: stamens were husbands (many) and the pistil was the wife – the flower was the bed! • Many were shocked. Dr. Johann Siegesbeck: “such loathesome harlotry as several males to one female would not be permitted by the creator… Who would have thought that bluebells, lilies and onions would be up to such immorality?”

  9. Linnaeus legacy His binomial system of nomenclature, in which the genus and species names are used. He classified 12,000 plants and animals, published Systema Naturae in 1753, and many of the names he first proposed are still in use today…

  10. Species name Each species has a single correct scientific name in Latin called a binomial (two names) – it is always italicized or underlined. First name is genus name. Second name is species name Human: Homo sapiens Cat: Felis catus Dog: Canis familiaris Wolf: Canis lupus

  11. Examples Genus of maple trees is Acer It has many species including: Common name Scientific name “Red maple”Acer rubrum “Sugar maple”Acer saccharum “Black maple”Acer nigrum

  12. 4 Basis for Modern taxonomy: Modern taxonomists classify organisms based on their evolutionary relationships  1. Homologous structures have the same structure, but different functions & show common ancestry     The bones in a bat's wing, human's arm, penguin's flipper are the same (homologous), but the function is different 2. Analogous structures have the same function, but different structures & do not show a close relationship (insect wing & bird's wing)  3. Similarity in embryo development shows a close relationship (vertebrate embryos all have tail & gill slits) 4. Similarity in DNA & amino acid sequences of proteins show related organisms

  13. Homologous structures

  14. Analogous structures

  15. 6 KINGDOMS • Living organisms are classified in five kingdoms: • Animalia: animals • Plantae: plants • Fungi: fungi • Protista: algae • Monera: 2 bacteria kingdoms • Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

  16. What is a species? Species: a set of individuals that are closely related by descent from a common ancestor and ordinarily can reproduce with each other, but not with members of any other species. Biological species: a group of interbreeding populations. Offspring are fertile.

  17. Species Some members of same species look very different… Same species, are capable of interbreeding, but Morphologically look very different.

  18. All these are same species! Examples in plants: species of oaks and sycamores; Broccoli, kale, cabbage, califlower: members same species! Brassica olearea

  19. Definition of species • However, some plants look the same, but due to polyploidy (more than the diploid number of chromosomes), they cannot interbreed. • For example: Ferns; evening primrose

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