8. Displays

1. 8. Displays THIRTEEN PRINCIPLES OF DISPLAY DESIGN Perceptual Principles • Make displays legible (or audible). • Avoid absolute judgment limits. • Top-down processing. • Redundancy gain. • Discriminability. Similarity causes confusion: Use discriminable elements. Mental Model Principles • Principle of pictorial realism. • Principle of the moving part.

2. Principles Based on Attention • Minimizing information access cost. • Proximity compatibility principle. • Principle of multiple resources.

3. Memory Principles • Replace memory with visual information: knowledge in the world. • Principle of predictive aiding. • Principle of consistency ALERTING DISPLAYS • omnidirectional auditory is best • three levels of alerts • warnings – the most critical category, signaled by salient auditory alerts • cautions – less salient • advisories – not auditory at all • color coding – red, yellow or amber, other colors (e.g., white)

4. LABELS • knowledge in the world • text or icons • 4 key design criteria • Visibility/legibility. • Discriminability • Meaningfulness – redundancy gain • Location – proximity compatibility principle MONITORING • set, watched, or tracked • Legibility. (P1) • Analog versus digital. – principle of pictorial realism (P6)

5. Analog form and direction. – principle of pictorial realism (P6) • moving pointer display and moving scale display • linear moving pointer with a wide range of scale value problem • revert to the moving scale display • use circular moving pointer display • employ a frequency-separated concept

6. Prediction and sluggishness. MULTIPLE DISPLAYS Display Layout • primary visual area (PVA) • frequency of use • importance of use • display relatedness or sequence of use – proximity- compatibility principle (P9) • consistency • phase-dependent layout

7. organizational grouping – P8 or P9 • stimulus-response compatibility, clutter avoidance

8. Head-Up Displays and Display Overlay • HUD – superimpose the displayed info on top of the PVA • parallel monitoring with little info access cost (P8) • conformal display – divided attention supported (P9) • collimated imagery • creation of excessive clutter (P9) Head-Mounted Displays • a display is rigidly mounted to the head so that it can be viewed • view superimposed imagery wider than HUD • monocular (presented to a single eye), biocular (presented as a single image to both eyes), or binocular (presented as a separate image to each eye) • monocular HMD either opaque or transparent, binocular rivalry or binocular suppression • conformal display, augmented reality

10. Configural Displays • emergent feature

11. Putting It All Together: Supervisory Displays • common baseline to make their access easy (P8), emergent feature (P9), redundancy (P4), the predictor, white triangle (P12), the fixed-scale pointer display (P6, P7), display under relevant parameter (P9) • ecological interfaces NAVIGATION DISPLAY AND MAPS Route List and Command Displays • not effective depicting where one is, not useful for planning and maintaining situation awareness Maps Legibility Clutter and Overlay • color coding, highlighting the needed info, decluttering

12. Position Representation Map Orientation • up on the map is in the direction of travel Scale • user-adjustable if possible • dual map (ego-referenced and world-referenced) Three-Dimensional Maps • advantages of vertical depiction Planning Maps and Data Visualization • user-controlled orientation desirable • 3D (perspective) map • depth cues for three dimensionality • 2D viewpoint available as a default option

13. QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION DISPLAYS: TABLES AND GRAPHS • table – high precision, not a very good perception of change over space, less supportive of perception of the rate of trend change Legibility (P1) • discriminability (P5) – color coding

14. Clutter • data-ink ratio should be maximized Proximity • proximity compatibility principle Format • data visualization