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近代日本語

近代日本語. Modern Day Japanese 1868 - Present. Historical Overview. The Meiji Restoration 明治維新 . Satsuma and Chōshū form alliance against shogunate; support Emperor Kōmei Kōmei dies; Meiji (Matsuhito) ascends to throne at 14, 元老（げんろう） had real power

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近代日本語

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  1. 近代日本語 Modern Day Japanese 1868 - Present

  2. Historical Overview

  3. The Meiji Restoration 明治維新 • Satsuma and Chōshū form alliance against shogunate; support Emperor Kōmei • Kōmei dies; Meiji (Matsuhito) ascends to throne at 14, 元老（げんろう）had real power • First 15 years of reform (Charter Oath, land taxes, emphasis on textiles, conscript army) • Feudal class system officially abolished in 1972 • Imported political, social, economic, literary ideas from western powers in order to modernize, sent students abroad • New sense of nationalism

  4. Compulsory Education • 1872 Primary education became mandatory • 1885 Ministry of Education established • Spelling reforms for education purposes (hentaigana, simpler spelling for Sino-Japanese words) • Pro-state education led to new sense of nationalism

  5. Later Meiji Period • 1889 Meiji Constitution (parliament responsible to the emperor, emperor in charge of all of all acts of war/peace) • 1894-95 First Sino-Japanese Waｒ • 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War • 1910 Annexation of Korea

  6. Literature During Meiji • Influenced by influx of translated Western literature • Realism • 坪内 逍遥 （つぼうちしょうよう）”Essence of the Novel” 小説真髄 1885 • 二葉亭四迷（ふたばていしめい）Floating Clouds浮雲 1887 • 硯友社 Writing society containing尾崎 紅葉（おざきこうよう）1890 • Naturalism influenced by French naturalism • 島崎 藤村（しまざきとそん）The Broken Commandmentはかい 1906 • 夏目漱石（なつめそうせき）I am a Catわがはねこである 1905 • 森 鴎外（もりおおがい）literary criticism, tanka

  7. Taisho Period ( 大正時代) and WWI (第一次世界大戦) • Responded to British request for aid against Germany in 1914 • Opportunity to increase power in China, take over German-controlled islands in south pacific • Treaty with Russia consolidated power in Manchuria and Mongolia • Wartime industry (supplied materials for Allies, increased exports, inflation) • Request for racial equality denied at Paris Peace Conference/Treaty of Versailles

  8. Economy after the War • Wartime economy collapsed; Japan went back to debtor nation • Depression in West affected export industry • 1923 Great Kantō Earthquake • 1924 Japanese Exclusion Act • Mindset turned to extreme nationalism and militarism

  9. Taisho Literature • 芥川 龍之介（あくたがわりゅうのすけ） • Father of Japanese short story • Disciple of Sōseki

  10. Showa Period (昭和時代) and WWII/Pacific War (太平洋戦争) • 1931 Manchurian Incident • 1937 Second Sino-Japanese War began (Marco Polo bridge incident • 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor • Expansion to Southeast Asia • 1942 Naval battles at Coral Point and Midway shift the tide • 1944-45 US advances in Philippines, Britain in Burma, firebombing raids • Aug. 6, 1945 Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Aug 9 on Nagasaki • Announcement of surrender on Aug. 14, Japanese Instrument of Surrender on Sep. 2

  11. Pre-War and WWII Literature • 1920s proletarian literature, “I novel” (私小説わたくししょうせつ、ししょうせつ) • 1930s てんこう “conversion novels” • Patriotic literature during wartime

  12. Post-War Period • 1945-1952 US Occupation led by General MacArthur • Constitution in 1947, drawn up by General Whitney • Land reforms to help stabilize failing economy • ざいばつ disbanded • initial encouragement of Communist idealism, reverse course (Cold War) • Article 9 amended • Manufacture of arms and war supplies for US troops during Korean War • Establishment of JSDF in 1954 (for peacekeeping and disaster relief) • Economic turn-around, growth through the 80s • 1964 Olympics held in Tokyo • Liberal Democratic Party dominant through 80s

  13. Language Reforms during Post-War Period • 1946 当用漢字 list established with 1850 kanji (simplified, decreased number of kanji and readings) • 1946 現代かな図解established, spelling based on pronunciation rather than Heian phonemes • various additions and amendments for names, public desire for kanji increase in 70s and 80s • 1978 Invention of word processor, allowed easier use of typed kanji • 1981 常用漢字 (1945 kanji)

  14. Post-War Literature • New sense of self prevalent in literature • 太宰 治（だざいおさむ）The Setting Sun (斜陽) 1947dealt with soldiers returning from Manchuguo • -三島 由紀夫（みしまゆきお）Confessions of a Mask (仮面の告白) conflicts of sexuality • -川端 康成（かわばたやすなり）wrote throughout Showa period • focus on psychological fiction • Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968 • Others: 大江 健三郎（おおえけんざぶろ）, 谷崎 潤一郎（たにざきじゅんいちろう）, 遠藤 周作（えんどうしゅさく） • 安部公房（あべこうぼう）avant-garde novelist – Woman in the Dunes (砂の女) 1962 • 70s and 80s: writing to raise social consciousness

  15. Heisei Period 平成 • 1989 Show Emperor dies • Liberal Democratic Party overthrown briefly, returned to power in 1996 • “Bubble Economy” collapses by 1991, followed by period of recession • 1991 Gulf War raised questions of participation in war • 1995 Kobe Earthquake and Subway Sarin Incident • 2003/2004 Japan sent troops to assist US with war on Iraq, largest number since WWII

  16. Heisei Literature • 1994 Ōe Kenzaburō won Nobel Prize for Literature • 村上春樹（むらかみはるき） • -The Wind-Up Bird Chronicleねじまき鳥クロニクル • Undergroundアンダーグラウンド

  17. Japanese Writing

  18. Meiji Period • Considered to be the beginning of modern literature • Large changes in Japanese political system • Increased literacy and education among general populace • Heavy Western influences • Demise of Classical Japanese writing style (古文)

  19. Introduction of New Punctuation • Traditional punctuation • 。、『』・ • 々 ヽ ヾ ゝ ゞ • Borrowed punctuation • ? ! : ; ( )

  20. Tategaki (縦書き) vs Yokogaki (横書き) • Tategaki • Written vertically, right to left • Traditional structure of Japanese writing • Commonly used today in novels, newspapers and comics • Yokogaki • Written horizontally, left to right • Introduced via Western influence, when Japanese would print Western language dictionaries • Migi-Yokogaki – Writing horizontally right to left; short lived • Commonly used today in academic texts, scientific texts, texts mixing words from other horizontally written languages • Not uncommon for both forms to be used simultaneously depending on the need

  21. Shinjitai (新字体) • Simplifying and limitations put on kanji characters due to the post-WWII reforms • Types of simplifications: • Adopting “cursive form” of a kanji • Ex: 圖 → 図, 觀 → 観 • Standardizing a single kanji for a meaning • Ex: 島, 嶋, 嶌 → 島 • Removing complex portions • 藝 → 芸, 蟲 → 虫

  22. Other Examples of Shinjitai • 與→与 (YO, ataeru; bestow, impart) • 學→学 (GAKU, manabu; learn) • 體→体 (TAI, karada; body) • 臺→台 (TAI; [n.] stand) • 國→国 (KOKU, kuni; country) • 關→関 (KAN, seki; involve, concerning) • 寫→写 (SHA, utsusu; to write or compose) • 廣→広 (KŌ, hiroi; expansive, wide) • 圓→円 (EN; marui; round, circular)

  23. Japanese Writing Reforms • Late 19th century saw the rise of colloquial Japanese used in serious Japanese writing • Generally attributed to Futabata Shimei’s “Ukigumo” (浮雲) • Reform of 1900 • Standardization of hiragana, elimination of other varying hentaigana scripts • Restriction of kanji taught in general education to 1,200 • Conforming of irregular kana to match with the pronunciation (現代仮名遣) • The reform is only partially successful, namely due to the criticism of conforming irregular kana, along with a rise in Japanese nationalism

  24. Japanese Writing Reforms Cont. • Post-WWII Reforms • Reform of kana usage with modern pronunciations (1946) • Implimentation of tōyō kanji (当用漢字), restricting kanji used in academic materials to a standard of 1,850 kanji (including simplified kanji) (1946) • Approval of additional jinmeiyō kanji (人名用漢字) to be used along with tōyō kanji for proper names (1951) • In 1981, the tōyō kanji are replaced with the 1,945 jōyō kanji (常用漢字); no longer a restriction but a recommendation • In 2004, the number of jinmeiyō kanji is increased

  25. Literature Selections

  26. Selection 1 • Fukuzawa Yukichi (福澤 諭吉) • “Gakumon no Susume” (学問のすゝめ) – “A Recommendation of Learning” • 17 volumes from 1872-1876 • Written entirely in classical style Japanese

  27. Selection 2 • Futabatei Shimei (二葉亭 四迷) • “Ukigumo” (浮雲) – “Floating Clouds” • Written in 1887 • Never completed • One of the first published works written in colloquial style Japanese, Western puncutation

  28. Selection 3 • Akutagawa Ryūnosuke (芥川 龍之介) • “Yabu no Naka” (藪の中) – “In a Grove” • Published in 1922 • Monologue style prose • Again, more colloquial style Japanese with Western influence

  29. Selection 4 • “Nihonkoku Kempō” (日本国憲法) – The Constitution of Japan • Adopted in 1946, replacing the Meiji Constitution of 1889 • Verbose, “stuffy” writing style, still uses some rekishiteki kanazukai

  30. Selection 5 • Segawa Biki (勢川びき) • “Saigo no Ichinichi” (最後の一日) – “The Last Day” • Written in April 1995, short story contest winner • Modern Japanese

  31. End of This Lesson

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