Diabetes

1. Diabetes Ying Lin Anatomy & Physiology Final exam project

2. Introduction • Diabetes is a chronic disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood. • There are three major types of diabetes: • Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood. Many patients are diagnosed when they are older than age 20. In this disease, the body makes little or no insulin. Daily injections of insulin are needed. The exact cause is unknown. Genetics, viruses, and autoimmune problems may play a role. • Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1.It usually occurs in adulthood. The pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well to insulin. Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it, although it is a serious condition. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common due to increasing obesity and failure to exercise. • Gestational diabetes is high blood glucose that develops at any time during pregnancy in a woman who does not have diabetes. Women who have gestational diabetes are at high risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life.

3. integumentary system • The integumentary system is composed of the skin and skin derivatives such as hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the major organ of the integumentary system. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can leave the skin more prone to bacterial and fungal infections Problems in diabetic skin -Excessive dry skin-Due to dehydration from poorly controlled diabetes Skin lubricants, rehydration, control blood sugar -Fatty Plaques- Orange yellow in colour and may appear around eyes or on the shins or elbows May be related to high cholesterol and triglycerides reduce dietary saturated fats and cholesterol -NLD(NecrobiosisLipoidicaDiabeticorum) - Thinning of the skin due to inflammation. discoloration, and dimpling may occur The layer of fat is destroyed. More common in women. Skin may degrade and break open getting infected -Fungal Infections- Athletes foot is common in diabetics. Blisters and itchy scaling between the toes should be treated immediately

4. skeletal system Skeletal system is all of the bones in the body and the tissues such as tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connect them. • Type 1 diabetes is associated with modest reductions in bone mineral density (BMD) but type 2 diabetes is often characterized by elevated BMD. • Diabetes can impact bone through multiple pathways, some with contradictory effects, including obesity, changes in insulin levels, higher concentrations of advanced glycation end products in collagen, hypercalciuria associated with glycosuria, reduced renal function, lower insulin-like growth factor-I, microangiopathy, and inflammation. • The onset of diabetes in adolescence may result in a decreased peak bone mass. • Bone metabolism may be affected by the late complications of diabetes • Recent cohort studies indicate that diabetes itself is associated with increased risk of fracture of the hip, proximal humerus, and foot.

5. muscular system The muscular system is the anatomical system of a species that allows it to move • Patients with diabetes mellitus can develop contracture of digits and limbs as a result of soft tissue thickening in these areas. This can lead to wasting of the muscle from disuse. This is referred to as atrophy. • Diabetes mellitus can also damage the nerves that supply the hands and feet. This can lead to inadequate nerve supply and further muscle wasting • Persons with longstanding diabetes mellitus can develop pain, and muscle twitching, in addition to muscle wasting of the muscles around the shoulders and hips • In type 2 diabetes, the body loses its ability to synthesize it properly, and insulin resistance results. • insulin resistance makes muscles believe the body is starving, therefore it retards muscle growth to conserve energy. A loss of muscle mass often marks the transition from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes

6. Digestive system • diabetes damages the nerves responsible for moving food through the digestive tract. As such, food passes through the stomach and intestines very slowly, according to the American Diabetes Association. • Diabetes can be associated with a disease called gastroparesis. Gastroparesis happens when nerves to the stomach are damaged or stop working. The vagus nerve controls the movement of food through the digestive tract. If the vagus nerve is damaged, the muscles of the stomach and intestines do not work normally, and the movement of food is slowed or stopped. Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components that are more easily absorbed into a blood stream

7. Cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a system of the body comprised of the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels. This system is responsible for transporting blood. As the cardiovascular system moves blood throughout the body, cells receive oxygen and nutrients. Carbon dioxide and other wastes are removed from the body as well. • Diabetes can significantly increase the chance of developing cardiovascular system symptoms. Diabetes can increase the risk of strokes. Strokes are commonly caused by blocked blood vessels • Diabetes includes high blood glucose levels which affect the lining of the arteries, by roughening them. Roughening results in arterial narrowing or arteriosclerosis. This allows the buildup of fatty materials, within arterial walls, decreasing the ability of the oxygen rich blood to reach target tissues, in essence, starving them • If the narrowing occurs in the coronary vessels, a heart attack may occur. If this narrowing occurs in the arteries that feed the brain, a stroke may occur • high glucose levels in the blood decrease the good HDL cholesterol and increase triglyceride levels, further increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease

8. Ways to Avoid diabetes • Eat healthy and wisely. Eating smaller portions is a great way to lose weight. Eat breakfast every day, and make your meal and snack times regular by having them at the same time each day. • Limit your meat, poultry, and fish intake to no more than three ounces a day. A good tip is to listen to music instead of watching TV while you are eating. If you are watching TV while you are eating, you are not aware of how much you are eating and will almost always overeat. • Skip desserts and refined sugars. When eating out, have a good-sized vegetable salad to take the edge off your appetite. Have meals that have been stir fried or baked. • Use low-salt broth instead of oil and butter. • Drinking a full glass of water before eating will also help reduce your appetite. • If you are eating at a fast-food restaurant, choose the healthier foods, such as grilled chicken, salads and fruits. • Increase your exercise. Next to diet, exercise is vital to a healthy body especially for diabetics.

9. Bibliography • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002194/ • http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/433252 • http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/28/10/2541.full • http://www.nahanniriverherbs.com/84,326 • http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/diabetes/how-diabetes-affects-the-digestive-system.htm • http://diabetoz.com/views/how-are-the-digestive-system-affected-by-diabetes • http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/465230_3 • http://www.healthline.com/hlbook/dia-diabetes-and-your-cardiovascular-system • http://www.ehow.com/facts_5175556_cardiovascular-effects-type-diabetes.htm • http://allwomenstalk.com/10-ways-to-prevent-diabetes/