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Part II The Middle Ages

Part II The Middle Ages. Time-Line. Middle Ages (450-1450) Rome sacked by Vandals—455 Beowolf —c. 700 First Crusade—1066 Black Death—1347-52 Joan of Arc executed by English—1431. The Middle Ages. Strong class distinctions. Period of wars and mass migration.

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Part II The Middle Ages

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  1. Part II The Middle Ages

  2. Time-Line • Middle Ages (450-1450) • Rome sacked by Vandals—455 • Beowolf—c. 700 • First Crusade—1066 • Black Death—1347-52 • Joan of Arc executed by English—1431

  3. The Middle Ages • Strong class distinctions • Period of wars and mass migration • Nobility: castles, knights in armor, feasting • Peasantry: lived in huts, serfs—part of land • Clergy: ruled everyone, only monks literate • Architecture • Early: Romanesque • Late: Gothic • Visual Arts • Stressed iconic/symbolic, not realism • Late Middle Ages saw technological progress

  4. Ch. 1: Music in the Middle Ages • Most musicians were priests • Women did not sing in mixed church settings • Church dominates musical activity • Music primarily vocal and sacred • Instruments not used in church

  5. Ch. 2: Gregorian Chant • Was official music of Roman Catholic Church • No longer common since 2nd Vatican Council • Monophonic melody set to Latin text • Flexible rhythm without meter and beat • Named for Pope Gregory I (r. 590-604) • Originally no music notation system • Notation developed over several centuries (see p. 66) The Church Modes • Different ½ and whole steps than modern scales

  6. Listening Alleluia: Vidimus stellam (We Have Seen His Star) Vocal Music Guide: p. 86 Early Gregorian Chant Monophonic Ternary form: A B A

  7. Listening O successores (You successors) Hildegard of Bingen Vocal Music Guide: p. 88 Basic Set, CD 1:66 Brief Set, CD 1:50 Chant Originally written without accompaniment This recording includes a drone—long, sustained notes Note extended range of melody Written for nuns by a nun (to be sung in convent)

  8. Ch. 3: Secular Music in the Middle Ages • Troubadours (southern France) and • Trouveres (northern France) • Nobles wrote poems/songs for court use • Performed by jongleurs (minstrels) • Topics: courtly love, Crusades, dancing

  9. Estampie • Medieval dance music • Strong beat (for dancing) • Notated as chant: only a single melody line • Performers probably improvised accompaniment • Listening example—Basic Set, CD 1:67 Brief Set, CD 1:51

  10. Ch. 4: The Development of Polyphony: Organum • Between 700-900 a 2nd line added to chant • Additional part initially improvised, not written • Paralleled chant line at a different pitch • 900-1200 added line grew more independent • Contrary motion, then separate melodic curve • c. 1100 note-against-note motion abandoned • 2 lines w/ individual rhythmic and melodic content • New part, in top voice, moved faster than the chant line School of Notre Dame: Measured Rhythm • Parisian composers developed a rhythmic notation • Chant notation had only indicated pitch, not rhythm • Notre Dame’s choirmasters Leonin & Perotin were leaders • Medieval thought was that interval of 3rd dissonant • Modern chords built of 3rds, considered consonant

  11. Ch. 5: Fourteenth-Century Music: The “New Art” In Italy and France • Composers wrote music not based on chant • Borrowed secular melodies to put in sacred music • New music notation system had developed • New system allowed for better rhythmic notation • Syncopation, now possible, became common • The new type of music was called ars nova • Guillaume de Machaut • Mid- to late 14th Century composer (1300-1377) • Also famous as a poet • Though a priest, spent most of life working at court • Wrote both sacred and secular music • Best known for his Notre Dame Mass

  12. Listening Agnus Deifrom Notre Dame Mass by Guillaume de Machaut Vocal Music Guide: p. 99 Basic Set, CD 1:71 Brief Set, CD 1:53 14th Century, part of mass ordinary Polyphonic—4 voices (parts) Ternary form: A B A (form results from the text) Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi: miserere nobis Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi: miserere nobis Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi: dona nobis pacem

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