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The Soeharto’s New Order Foreign Policy:

The Soeharto’s New Order Foreign Policy:. “Returning back to Pragmatism Perspective”. Bringing Back Pragmatism. Soeharto did so in two steps : 1. Reconceptualized FP based on the need to build internal strength. 2. Purifying the interpretation & implementation

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The Soeharto’s New Order Foreign Policy:

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  1. The Soeharto’s New Order Foreign Policy: “Returning back to Pragmatism Perspective”

  2. Bringing Back Pragmatism • Soeharto did so in two steps : 1. Reconceptualized FP based on the need to build internal strength. 2. Purifying the interpretation & implementation of the true “bebas-aktif” FP. It believe that Indonesia’s FP can only be “independent and active” after it achieve a necessary internal strength.

  3. Periodization of The New Order’s Foreign Policy • Principally the New Order’s FP can be identified into 4 stages period of time : 1. (1966-1970): Stage of Rehabilitation. 2. (1971-1985): Stage of Growth 3. (1986-1989): Stage of Maturity 4. (1990-1998): Stage of Declining.

  4. Stage of Rehabilitation (66-70) • Internal circumstance : - Economic crisis (650% of inflation); - Fulfilling basic needs; - Debt problem : US $ 785,6 million while the national liquidity = US$ 485 million. - Relatively unstable political situations. • External circumstance : - The Cold War Era.

  5. Pragmatism FP in Rehabilitation Period. • Making as many as friends as possible : 1. “Good Neighborhood Policy”; - termination of “Gayang Malaysia” and normalization of relation between Jakarta-Kuala Lumpur, also with Philippines, establishing the ASEAN; 2. Joining back to the UN; 3. Normalization of diplomatic relations with several big countries such as the US and Britain; 4. Developing special diplomatic relations with Japan.

  6. Pragmatism FP in Rehabilitation Period. • Stabilizing Domestic FP and Gaining Capitalist Bloc’s Entrust; - Freezing Diplomatic relations with China.

  7. What had Indonesia Got? • Tokyo Conference : Moratorium and Rescheduling of the Debt; • Paris Conference : the development of the IGGI (at the first step, it’d got US$ 200 million soft loan); • Became of member of IMF; • The US gave loan of US$ 8,2 million; • Japan gave loan of US$ 30 million; • I’d got FDI such as Freeport Sulfur Company.

  8. Stage of Growth (71-85) • Internal circumstances : - Pembangunan Nasional (National Development) as the core task of Soeharto’s Regime. - Good Economic condition: surplus berasdi 1984. - Golkar as a new political power and Soeharto’s political vehicle. - Several political crisis (ex: Islam as a threat) and repressive policy; East Timur, Malari 1974 ; Depolitization of Uni (NKK) 1976; Monolithic Principle.

  9. International circumstances : -Vietnam War (triumph against the US in 1975) - Oil Crisis/oil booming in 1973-974, 1979. - The peak of the Cold War Era.

  10. What had Indonesia Got? • Stronger position in International arena. • Got more and more trust and fund. • In 1984-1985 helping to solve starvations problem in Africa. • The position became more important to the West after their lost in Vietnam War 1975.

  11. Stage of Maturity (1986-1989) • International circumstances: • Global era. • Human rights became the main issue in IR.

  12. What had Indonesia got? • Be GNB chairman. APEC host in Bogor. • Normalized diplomatic relation with china. • International community started to problemitezed several human rights abuses in Suharto's regime. • Indonesia terminated economic assistance of IGGI.

  13. Stage of Declining (93-98) • Domestic circumstances: • The increasing of democratic, human rights, and civil society movements. • Too much human rights abuses • A lot of demonstrations. • Political and economic crisis.

  14. International circumstances: • Wave of democratization. • Universal human rights movements increased. • Too much hostility.

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