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The Road to Prohibition

The Road to Prohibition. Temperance movement: 1825 to 1930 Late 19 th century, five states had full prohibition many other states had local options Scandinavia had prohibition England regulated pub hours  . Who Backed Prohibition. Evangelical Protestants Perfectionists

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The Road to Prohibition

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  1. The Road to Prohibition • Temperance movement: 1825 to 1930 • Late 19th century, • five states had full prohibition • many other states had local options • Scandinavia had prohibition • England regulated pub hours  

  2. Who Backed Prohibition • Evangelical Protestants • Perfectionists • 1792 to 1832: yearly alcohol per person 2 to 7 gallons.  • Southern Power Structure • Employers • Fear of workplace unrest • Workplace safety • Middle class Reformers • Feminists

  3. Prohibition Forces • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union • Anti-Saloon League, • By 1915, every state had local option laws • Saloons illegal in ¾ of the area of the nation • The War • Lever Act • Congress adopts 18th amendment, December 1917 • 36th state ratified June 1919 • The Volstead Act • ½ of 1-pecent alcohol was allowed 

  4. Enforcement Issues • The Federal Prohibition Bureau • desperately underfunded, • 1/12th of its staff dismissed for corruption • state enforcement officials reluctant to help the Feds. • The police chief of Levansworth Kansas • Senator Jim Reed of Kansas   • Unprotected Canadian Border • only 5% of the alcohol smuggled ever confiscated

  5. Catching the Bootleggers • 1921 and 1922: • 3,500 civil cases • 65,000 criminal cases • 1925: 172,000 stills were smashed. • Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith • 5,000 arrests • seized more than $15 million dollars worth of alcohol

  6. Repealing the Law • Wikersham Commission • Repeal amendment submitted early 1933 • March 1933, Volstead amended • 3.2% alcohol allowed • December 1933: last State ratifies repeal amendment

  7. Prohibition Legacy • Prohibition and an animosity towards the law • Prohibition and civil liberties • 1925: Supreme Court case regarding automobile searches • Organized Crime • Johnny Torrio and Alphonse Capone • 1920-1924: 200 gang killings in Chicago • Dion O’Bannion Gang • St. Valentines Day Massacre • Torrio and Capone annual earnings: $70-mil

  8. Nativism • 1920 census: 105 million people in the US. • ½ descended from 1790 census families • ½ had imigrated after 1790 • New Immigrants  • South, Central and Eastern Europe • Catholics and Jews • Less educated • More impoverished • Different Cultures

  9. Immigration • Immigration by Nation: 1900-1910 • 2 million Italians • 2 million Slavic peoples • almost 2-million from Russia • Of 105 million Americans, • 14 million foreign born • 8 million from Eastern and Southern and Central Europe.  • Popular fear that the “melting pot” was no longer melting

  10. Intellectuals hawking pseudo-scientific racial hierarchies • Madison Grant • The Passing of the Great race (1916) • Fear of Catholics • Fear of Jews

  11. Congress Restricts Immigration •  Congress and the Literacy Tests • Passes in 1917 • 1921: Emergency Quota Act • 1924: National Origins Acts • Congressman Albert Johnson • Coolidge: “America must be kept American.” • Canadian and Mexican Immigration unaffected: • 1920s: 1-mil Canadians and 1/2 –mil Mexicans enter the US • Immigration 1924 to 1947: 2,718,000

  12. Sacco and Vanzetti • April 1920: Robbery and Murder in South Braintree, Mass. • Suspects: • Nicola Sacco, a shoemaker • Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a fish peddler • Judge Webster Thayer’s outward dislike of radicals • Felix Frankfurter and The Atlantic Monthly • Governor’s Comission • Sacco and Vanetti executed August 23, 1927

  13. Scopes Trial • Rise of Fudamentalism • Billy Sunday • Aimee Semple McPherson • Charles Dawin: Origin of Species (1859) • Tennessee State Law on teaching evolution • ACLU says they will defend violators • John Scopes arrested in Dayton, TN • William Jennings Bryan v Clarence Darrow • H. L. Mencken of The American Mercury and The Baltimore Sun

  14. Rise and Fall of the KKK • 1915: William J. Simmons and the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, Stone Mountain, GA. • By 1925, Klan claims 4 million members • Targets: • Blacks, Catholics, Jews, Bootleggers, adulterers • The KKK’s modern organization • KKK Political Control • D. C. Stephenson and the Fall of the KKK

  15. Racial Reaction • Marcus Garvey • Black pride and black unity. • Build a strong independent economic base in America. • Harlem, 1917: Universal Negro Improvement Association • Negro Factories Corporation • operated a chain of grocery stores, a laundry, a publishing house and a restaurant. • The Negro World • The Black Star Line • By 1920, Garvey had 2 million UNIA members in 800 chapters on 4 continents.

  16. Opposition to Garvey • NAACP and W. E. B. DuBois • “Garvey Must Go”   • J. Edgar Hoover and the Justice Department • Infiltrated the UNIA • Convicted of Mail Fraud in 1923 • Given the maximum fine and sentence • Deported after release from prison

  17. Equal Rights • Alice Paul and the NWP • 1923: An Equal Rights Amendment • Opposition from Jane Addams and Florence Kelly

  18. Modern Culture • Film • Charlie Chaplin • Talkies • Film Scandals • Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle • Virginia Rappe • Will Hays and the Hays Commission • Seven-foot kisses

  19. The Auto Industry • Henry Ford and the Model T • 1909: 1,708 produced / sold for $950. • 1911: 4,000 workers making 35,000 cars a year, now selling now for $700. • 1914: Model T made every 93 seconds, selling for less than $500 • 1921: Ford made 1,250,000 cars, one every minute. • 1926: Ford earned $264,000 per day.

  20. Car Culture • The car became indispensable • Auto style • Alfred Sloan and General Motors •  1925 Chevy K Model •  Ford Market Share • 54% in 1925 • 45% in 1926 • Ford’s Model A • Debuted in 1927 • 1.3 mil ad campaign

  21. Buy it On Time • By later 1920s, 15% of purchases were made “on time.” • This represent $6-billion in sales

  22. Captains of Consciousness • Old models stigmatized • Spending • Commodities enhanced one’s status:  • Post cereal improved your complexion • Listerine fought bad breath • Conover electric dishwashers saved hands.

  23. Consumer Education over Academic Education • For every 70 cents spent on academic education, $1.00 spent on consumer education. • Advertising in 1927: 1.5 billion • Advertising designed to “transcend tribalism”

  24. Bruce Barton • Founder of Barton, Batton, Durstein and Osborne (BBDO) • Lucky Strikes • “Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet.” • 1926: The Man Nobody Knew • Joins piety with consumerism

  25. An Empire of the Air • Radio Background • Sarnoff and the Titanic • KDKA • 1924: 500 radio stations. • Radio Sales • 1922: $60,000,000 • 1929: $842,548,000

  26. Amos ‘n’ Andy • Henry Selinger of WGN • Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll • January 1926: Sam ‘n’ Henry • The “Chainless Chain” • 1927: Amos ‘n’ Andy

  27. Prosperity • Electricity replaces gas • 1925: 80% of homes with electricty had electric irons, 37% had vacuum cleaners, and 25% had washing machines • Per capita income: • 1921: 641 • 1929: 847 • Industrial output grew 1/3 between 1919 and 1928

  28. Flight of the Lone Eagle • Aviation Legislation • 1925: The Kelly Act • 1926: The Air Commerce Act • Aviation Firsts • 1925: Carl Rogers • 1926: Richard Byrd and Floyd Bennett • New York to Paris • The Raymond Orteig Prize   • May 20-21: 33 hours and 29 minutes

  29. The Lost Generation • Gertrude Stein • disillusionment • rebellion • alienation • F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Amory Blaine, This Side of Paradise

  30. Ezra Pound on War • Excerpt from “Hugh Selwyn Mauberly” • Daring as never before, wastage as • never before • Young blood and high blood • fair cheeks and fine bodies; • fortitude as never before • frankness as never before, • disillusions as never told in the old days, • hysterias, trench confessions, • laughter out of dead bellies.

  31. e. e. cummings • Buffalo Bill’s • defunct • who used to • ride a watersmooth-silver • stallion • and break onetwothreefourfive pigeonsjustlikethat • Jesus • he was a handsome man

  32. More Lost Generation • Ernest Hemingway • The Sun also Rises • F. Scott Fitzgerald • The Great Gatsby

  33. The Sage of Baltimore • Henry Louis Mencken • Columnist: The Baltimore Sun • Editor: The American Mercury • HLM on Puritanism: “The haunting fear that someone, somewhere, may be having a good time.” • HLM on Conscience: “The inner voice which ans us that someone may be watching.”

  34. Middletown • Robert and Helen Lynd • Muncie, IN

  35. Harlem Renaissance • James Weldon Johnson • Negro America: What Now • Claude McKay • The Liberator • Harlem Shadows • Home to Harlem • Langston Hughes

  36. So… • What Were the 1920s?

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