KINE 3340 Growth, Maturation and Physical Activity

1. KINE 3340 Growth, Maturation and Physical Activity Dr. Joe Baker bakerj@yorku.ca

2. Human behavior is not compartmentalized; there is a complex system of constant, reciprocal exchanges among an individual’s cognitive, affective, motor, and physical being

3. Domains of Human Development • The four domains are useful for categorizing the study of human and motor development • Domains are not discrete

4. Human Development “…changes that all human beings face across their lifespan. Such changes result from increasing age as well as one’s experiences in life, one’s genetic potential, and the interactions of all three factors at any given time. Therefore, development is an interactional process that leads to changes in behavior over the lifespan.” (Motor Development Task Force, 1995)

5. “Motor development is the study of changes in human motor behavior over the lifespan, the processes that underlie these changes, and the factors that affect them.” (Payne & Isaacs, 2007)

6. Why is the study of motor development important? Because……

7. Six Elements of Developmental Change

8. Definitions of Development, Maturation, and Growth Development Growth Maturation Development includes both growth and maturation • Development is a term referring to the progressions and regressions that occur throughout the lifespan • Growth is the structural aspect of development • Maturationdeals with the functional changes in human development.

9. Maturation and Growth • Growth is quantitative – increase in size • Maturation is qualitative – functions of organs and tissues • Growth and maturation are interrelated • As the body grows, functions improve • As we age, growth slows, but maturation continues throughout the lifespan

10. Terms • Developmental directions • Cephalocaudal • From head to tail • Can be applied developmentally through the study of walking • Proximodistal • From those points close to the body’s center to those points close to the periphery • Prenatal growth and acquisition of motor skill

11. Terms • Differentiation • Progression from gross, immature movement to precise, well-controlled, intentional movement • Integration • Motor systems are able to function together as ability progresses

12. How does the child in this picture demonstrate the concept of integration?

13. Terms • Gross movement • Movement controlled by the large muscles or muscle groups • Legs • Fine movement • Movement controlled by the small muscles or muscle groups • Hands

14. Terms Two controversial views on measurement in motor development • Process Approach • Emphasizes the movement without consideration for the outcome • How a child catches a ball • Product Approach • Emphasizes the outcome of a movement • How much control did the child have while catching the ball?

15. Terms • Age periods throughout the lifespan • Accepted age periods are helpful in discussions concerning development throughout the lifespan • The term “stages” is often substituted for the term “age periods”

16. More on Age Periods (Stages)

17. More on Age Periods (Stages)

18. Stages of Development • Stages of development • Phase, time, levels, periods • Provides manageable portions of behavior • Controversy over whether the stages of development actually exist • Does life proceed smoothly and continuously? • Is life discontinuous with abrupt behavior changes?