Sustainable Range Management: Range Residue Reduction

Sustainable Range Management Range Residue Reduction By Steven Downes Senior Research Leader Operational Range Sustainability Presented at 2005 Region 4 EPA/DoD States Environmental Conference Atlanta, GA June 30, 2005 Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Reference Points • America has a unique approach to training: “Train as we fight”. Training needs to be “Realistic”, “Integrated”, and Stressful” to prepare the warfighter for combat. • Point! Training needs to be all-encompassing. • DoD is committed to preserving training and testing ranges while protecting the environment. • Despite environmental successes, DoD is facing increasing restrictions on land, sea, and airspace reserved for training and testing. • DoD will continue to form partnerships that promote long-term range sustainability. Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

DoD Range Organizations SROC SECDEF IMLUCC (Interagency Military Land Use Coord . Committee ) DOT&E USD (AT&L) USD(P&R) OGC ASD (C3I) DTTSG UXOCOE DUSD (I&E) DDR &E (Unexploded (Defense Test & DUSD(R) Ordnance Training PBFA Center of Excellence) Steering Group) SERDP Policy Board on Federal Aviation (Strategic Environmental (Airspace Subgroup) R&D Program ) T R&T SRRWG I PBFAWG (Sustain Range R DESC SERDP Executive Readiness ( PBFA Working Group) I Working Group (Defense Work Group) C Collective Environmental Security Council ) RCC Training (Range Commanders Council) TTAWG’s LWSWG ESOHPB (Technical Thrust ASG Area ( Envir , Safe (Land (Airspace Group) Working Groups) Occupational Withdrawal Sup RSRWG Cleanup, Health Policy Work Group) FMG Compliance, Board ) Range ( Conservation, Spectrum ( Freq Management & Requirements Group) OIPT Sustainable Ranges/RRPI Pollution OEESCM Work Group Prevention (Operational & TG Environmental (Telemetry Group) Executive Steering WIPT Committee REG for Munitions) ( RCC Environmental Gp ) ERS Overview.brief

Definitions • Operational Military Range means designated land or water areas set aside, managed, and used to develop, test, and evaluate military munitions, other ordnance, or weapons systems, or to train military personnel in their use and handling. Ranges include firing lines and positions, maneuver areas, firing lanes, Test pads, detonation pads, impact areas, and buffer zones with restricted access and exclusionary areas. From 40 C.F.R. – 266.201 Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Definitions (Continued) • Operational Ranges • Active and Inactive Military Ranges • SRM • Sustainable Range Management • Operational Test and Training Ranges • Active and Inactive • Munitions & Explosives of Concern (MEC) • Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) • Discarded and Abandoned munitions • Explosives Soils and Buildings/Materials • Munitions Response • Everywhere not on an operational range • Munitions Constituent (MC) • Explosives and Energetic materials • Munitions Presenting a Potential Explosive Hazard (MPPEH) • Range Residue Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Guidance, References, and Drivers • DoDD 4715.11 & 12 Operational Range Management • Defense Material Disposition Manual (4160) • DoDD 3200.15 Sustainable Range Directive • Updating DDESB Guidance (Ch 12) • Operational Range Clearance Policy (dtd June 2005) • Draft Stakeholder Involvement Directive • Draft MPPEH Directive • Defense Demilitarization Manual (4160) • Draft Munitions Response Implementation Directive • GAO Report on Military Training dtd 29April2005 GAO Code 350430/GAO-04-534 Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Issues that will Severely Impact the Sustainability of Ranges The management of these issues, singularly and collectively, will have a direct impact on the success of the concept of range sustainment. • Safety Issues: Those issues that, either immediately or at some future point in time, put people and/or property at acute risk. • Environmental Issues: Those issues that impact on the environment such that a chronic (direct or indirect) risk is experienced by the population. Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

UXO and Range Residue • MEC and MC pose both a safety and an environmental threat to the continued viability of operational ranges. • Issue/Example: • Expanded application of RCRA/CERCLA to Army operational ranges may: • Shut down live-fire training at hundreds of Army ranges. • Require displacement of training and unit travel to alternate sites. • Require environmental characterization and clean-up of active ranges. • Army estimates $15B - $150B to clean up operational ranges. Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Safety Issues. • Risks from UXO and Range Residue • Near Term • To Military Personnel • To Range Maintenance Personnel • To General Population • Long Term • To General Population & Environment • To Base Closure Personnel • To Future Land Users, Military and Other Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Environmental Issues. • Contamination Priority Areas (MC/MEC) • Ground Water • Food Chain • Clean Air Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Application of RCRA and CERCLA to Live-Fire Training Eagle River Flats Fort Richardson, AK • Army involved in citizen’s suit at Fort Richardson, AK. • Suit seeks to shut down live-fire at Eagle River Flats. • Claims munitions firing violates: • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) • Comprehensive Environmental Restoration, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) • Clean Water Act (CWA) • Potential to shut down live-fire at Eagle River Flats and hundreds of other Army ranges. ERS Overview.brief

Regulation of Training Activities Under the Clean Air Act Dust from Maneuver Training with Smoke and Obscurants Prescribed Burns to Manage Training Land and Habitat ERS Overview.brief

Range Residue Approach DODI 3200.XX Range Clearance on Operational Ranges has been signed this week. It will be the driver for planning and executing range clearance planning and operations. The DODI directs that operational range management policies and procedures will: • Allow safe access to Operational Ranges fro range maintenance, modernization, training, or testing operations. • Preclude accumulation of Military munitions and other range-related debris • Facilitate appropriate future land use Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Range Residue Processes and Procedures • The following are recommended approaches to determine the processes and procedures necessary to develop a successful Range Residue Remediation Program (RRRP). It must be absolutely noted that each range/range complex is unique in size, topography, training mission, and types of munitions used: one size does not fit all ranges. • For a RRPP to work, each facility must accomplish the following: • Review local MIS for records of munitions used • Determine annual quantity of munitions (by DODIC) • Estimate inventory of types of range residue from historical records • Develop a theoretical compilation of range-related debris, by weight, on ranges. Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

RRP&P (Continued) • Determine the role of EOD assets to support range residue management processes. • Determine demilitarization/certification management processes • Determine the topography, hydrology, and climatologically related conditions for each range. • Determine the role of the local DRMO on range residue issues . Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Range Reside Systems & Equipment and Personnel • After development of unique local processes and procedures, the information acquired is utilized to identify and acquire facilities and capitalization of equipment requirements. Concurrent efforts must be aimed at identifying personnel assets to accomplish debris removal and disposal. • Each installation must determine the economics model necessary to support residue issues. The decision factors include: • Facilities and capitalization of equipment requirements needed to accomplish range clearance and residue demilitarization at the subject installations. • The processes available to systematically locate, identify, cut up, clear, transport/remove or otherwise eliminate identified range residue from the training footprint(s). Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Range Reside Systems & Equipment and Personnel (Continued) • The site-specific recommendations of processes to best facilitate the demilitarization and certification of range residue. • The demilitarization and certification process and procedures for each identified process • The recommendations for staffing and managing the location, identification, removal, demilitarization and certification efforts for each specific process. • Identify and model potential revenue and cost avoidance realized through each identified process within the overall range residue management concept. • Identification of site-specific permit requirements and the identification of Federal, State, and local codes that drive permitting, operating, and reporting. Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Examples of existing equipment and processes Equipment needed to handle the disposition of range-related debris is neither expensive or unique. The following are examples of system/equipment modified to accomplish specific tasks within the range residue processing domain. Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Spent small-arms brass cases Inert aluminum items Light-gauged steel Gleaned Materiel Applying innovative solutions to range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Low manual effort Reduces need to sort and inspect brass Brass cases are rendered inert Reduces volume by 50% Brass Shredding Summary Applying innovative solutions to range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Aluminum Feed Materials • Only inert aluminum range gleanings • 40-mm practice projectiles and cases • SMAWS • 81-mm illum and RP motors/fins • 105 and 120 mm practice heat rounds • 120-mm sabots • Fuse assemblies • Practice "Rock eyes" • Cluster cases Applying innovative solutions to range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Aluminum Melting Furnace Summary • Moderately labor-intensive • Only process inert materiel • Gleanings rendered 100% demilitarized • Propane and electricity consumables • Air Permit required ERS Overview.brief

Practice Bombs & Illumination/Ejection Shells ERS Overview.brief

Processing a 750-lb Inert Practice Bomb Preparing to Crush the Filler Materiel Piercing the Bomb Casing Emptying the Last of the Filler Applying innovative solutions to range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Inert Bomb Disposal Costs • Mechanized Processing of 1,061 Inert Bombs • Bombs processed in 89 hours of shearing operations • Direct costs: • Mob/Demob = $5K • Shearing costs = $37K • Total = $42K • Cost per bomb = $39.59 • Manual Processing with an Exothermic Torch (estimate) • Direct costs: • Labor = $30K • Equipment operator = $21K • Materials = $11K • Total = $62K • Cost per bomb = $58.44 SAVINGS = $20K Estimated to take >6 months for manual option, versus 17 days for mechanized option. Applying innovative solutions to range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Soil washing to remove lead and other heavy metals from small arms range soils at Fort Polk Soil Washing for Removal of Lead and Other Heavy Metals at Small Arms Range in Fort Polk Applying innovative solutions to range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Phosphate stabilization and restoration of target berm at Camp Lejeune Small Arms Range Restoration at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune Applying innovative solutions to range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Science and Engineering Efforts to Support Range Modernization • Next Generation Training, and Test & Evaluation (TT&E) Ranges • Instrumentation/GPS • Virtual Environment • Technology Solutions • Automatic Targeting Systems • Bandwidth • Space Based Radar • Energetics Constituent Characterization • Energetics Contamination Elimination • Groundwater Testing, Monitoring, and Treatment • Local/Regional Outreach • External Stakeholder involvement • Internal Stakeholder Involvement • Green Munitions • Green Target Systems Applying innovative solutions for range sustainability ERS Overview.brief

Sustainable Range Management: Range Residue Reduction