Citing Authors and Works

1. Citing Authors and Works

2. double-edged sword Internet

3. With an inspiring message that spans across time and through generations, Hotel Rwanda is the type of movie that promotes change. Instead of historically telling the story of Rwanda, George takes a chance in recounting the life of a local hero, Paul Rusesabagina (Don Cheadle), and the risks he took to save the lives of many. Hotel Rwanda starts where the tragedy begins.

8. What is plagiarism? Plagiarism is the use of another person’s ideas or words without giving them the proper credit. Plagiarism can occur when you use someone else’s exact words without giving them credit, taking credit for someone else’s ideas, or even presenting your own past work as a new idea.

9. www.plagiarism.org TYPES of PLAGIARISM

10. SOURCES NOT CITED

11. The writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or her own work. THE GHOST WRITER

12. The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration. THE PHOTOCOPY

13. The writer tries to disguise plagiarism by copying from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing. THE POTLUCK PAPER

14. Although the writer has retained the essential content of the source, he or she has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases. THE POOR DISGUISE

15. The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together, instead of spending the same effort on original work. THE LABOR of LAZINESS

16. The writer “borrows” generously from his previous work, violating policies concerning the expectation of originality adopted by most academic institution. THE SELF-STEALER

17. SOURCES CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)

18. The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced. This often masks other forms of plagiarism by obscuring source locations. THE FORGOTTEN FOOTNOTE

19. The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them. THE MISINFORMER

20. The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation text that has been copied verbatim, or close to it. Although attributing the basic ideas to the source, the writer is falsely claiming original presentation and interpretation of the information. THE TOO-PERFECT PARAPHRASE

21. The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work! THE RESOURCEFUL CITER

22. The writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation. This way, the writer passes off the paraphrased material as his own. THE PERFECT CRIME

23. APA

24. What is APA? The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the Social Sciences. It regulates: STYLISTICS, IN-TEXT CITATIONS, and REFERENCES

25. Why Use APA Format? • Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily • Provides consistent format within a discipline • Gives you credibility as a writer • Protects yourself from plagiarism

26. Paraphrasing

27. PARAPHRASING • Paraphrasing means that you expressed the author’s information or ideas in your own words and have given that person credit for that information or idea. • You can prevent plagiarism by closing the document and restating the idea in your own words.

28. PARAPHRASING Original Passage: “Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform of federal education policy in decades” (Smith, 2008. p. 212).

29. PARAPHRASING Enacted into law in 2002 by President Bush, the No Child Left Behind Act signaled the most sweeping education reform of U.S. educational policy in decades. Unacceptable

30. PARAPHRASING According to Smith (2008), the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) provided the most all-encompassing reform in U.S. education in almost half a century. Acceptable

31. PARAPHRASING The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Act provided the most all-encompassing reform in U.S. education in almost half a century (Smith, 2008). Acceptable

32. In-text citation

33. In-text Citation (Direct Quote) When you directly quote an author, you need to put the exact words of the author in quotation marks or follow the rules for a block quotation. Include the exact spelling and interior punctuation of the borrowed words.

34. In-text Citation (Direct Quote) The author, year of publication, and page number(s) or paragraph number for non-paginated materials are always included in the text and a reference citation is included in the reference list. McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet of motivation”(p. 71).

35. In-text Citation (Direct Quote) Regular Quotes are used when the quote is less than 40 words. McPherson(2007) coined the phrase “goblet of motivation”(p. 71).

36. In-text Citation (Direct Quote) • Keep the author and year of publication together. • Use quotation marks to identify the exact words of the author. • Include the page number in parentheses immediately after the direct quote. • Place the period after the parentheses.

37. Single author APA Style gives prominence to the date of a publication. In-text citations use the author's last name and the date, separated by a comma, as a brief reference in the text of the article to refer the reader to complete information in the reference list. Example: “APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners”(Jones, 1998, p. 199).

38. Single author If the author's name is mentioned in the narrative, then only the date need be given: Example: Jones (1998) described APA as “a difficult citation format for first-time learners”(p. 199).

39. Two authors Always use both names every time they are referred to in the text. Use the ampersand (&) to connect the names in the parentheses, but spell out "and" in the running text. Examples: (Parker & Mokhesi-Parker, 1998) Parker and Mokhesi-Parker (1998) in examining institutional design and function …

40. Three to five authors Cite all the authors in text the first time a reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. Examples: (Parker, Mokhesi-Parker, AuthorC, AuthorD & AuthorE, 1998) (Parker et al., 1998)

41. Six or more authors Cite in text only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations. Examples: Parker et al. (1998) (Parker et al., 1998)

42. Anonymous author Examples: From an anonymous source (1998) (Anonymous, 1998)

43. Quote from non-paginated material Examples: Winkowski (2007) stated, “The research is unreliable” (Conclusion section, para. 4). From the conclusion section of paragraph 4 of (book title), (2007).

44. Short quotation (More examples) According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

45. Block quote (long quotation) Block quotes are used for quotes of more than 40 words.

46. Block quote (long quotation) • Indent the block quote five spaces or half an inch. • Do not use quotation marks. • Double space the quote unless your school has a rule about single spacing block quotes. • Do not include any additional lines or spaces before or after the block quote. • Notice that in block quotes, the period goes before the parentheses, not after.

47. Block quote (long quotation) Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated: Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p.342)

48. Special case Boyle (1998a, 1998b, 1998c) found in three separate studies that the rats had higher stress hormone levels after exposure. The three studies were done in 1998 and each was published separately that year. To avoid confusion, each study will be designated by a different letter – a, b, c, etc. Items are listed in the reference section alphabetically by title.

49. Personal Communication According to T. Decano (personal communication, August 15, 2011), the school is ready for e-books. The e-books are ready for implementation (T. Decano, personal communication, August 15, 2011).

50. Special case Strunk (1922) mentioned in his article to “[u]se quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book…[u]se a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short…” (p.342).