ADMIN

1. ADMIN Phone numbers for emergency: Country code is 976; city code is 11 Hotel- 976-11-313-380 CDR Wohlschlegel- Room 513 Mr. John Miller (cel)- 9911-0323 Mr. Bob Holub (cel)0 9909-1907

2. “The Basics” Peace Operations MPAT Workshop Module Series

3. Elements of National & International Power will be used – not just one dimension: • Diplomatic • Economic • Information • Military • Psycho-Social Peace Operations “There are no standard Peace Operations” JP 3-07.3

4. Peace Operations Challenges • Each Peace Operation will have its own unique situational setting • Unique political factors • Unique diplomatic characteristics • Unique geographical, cultural, language, and security characteristics

5. Who Executes Peace Operations? • United Nations (UN) – 2 Types • UN Sanctioned/Authorized operations (Regional Organizational Led (Combined) or Multinational Led (Coalition – Lead Nation concept) • UN Sponsored/Mandated operation (UN Chain of Command – UN led) • Regional Organization (Combined) Led (NATO, OAU, etc.) • Non-UN Alliance / Treaty based • Multinational Organization (Coalition) Led • Lead Nation Concept (Non-UN) • Multinational Crisis Action Planning Ops • Ad-hoc based on emerging crisis / No regional framework is present to address crisis Note: There are significant differences in the Command Relationships, Control, and Coordination Processes for the above PO options – see Module 4

6. Broad Categories of Peace Operations Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Peace Enforcement Operations (PEO) • Note –Terminology Differences: Many variations in terminology. • UN commonly refers to Peace Operations as Peacekeeping and also uses the term Peace Support Operations (PSO) at times. • NATO uses the term PSO. • Other nations use variations of terminology (based upon political and operational implications / factors). • The MNF SOP will use the overarching term of Peace Operations with two broad categories of operations as outlined above for clarity in mission planning.

7. Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Purpose: Designed to monitor and facilitate implementation of an agreement (cease fire, truce, and other related agreements) and support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement. Key Factor: Undertaken with consent of all majorparties to a dispute.

8. Peace Enforcement Operations (PEO) Purpose: Use of necessary means up to and including military force to compel compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to establish security, peace and order. Key Factor: Application of appropriate means, military force or clear threat of military force to compel compliance of parties involved.

9. Distinction Between PKO and PEO • Three main distinctions are: • Consent • Use of Force • Impartiality

10. Distinction between PKO and PEO Impartiality does not denote neutrality, it is, however, a constant and may be applied as follows: **May be considered as principled impartiality

11. Peace Operations Peace Keeping Operations designed to monitor and facilitate implementation of an agreement Peace Enforcement Operations designed to compel compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to establish security, peace and order Military Operations can support Diplomatic Efforts (three areas) Preventive Diplomacy Diplomatic actions taken in advance to avert a crisis Peacemaking Process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement Peace Building Post-conflict actions, predominately diplomatic, economic, and security related that strengthen and rebuild governmental infrastructure and institutions Mutually Supportive Peace Operations Activities Peace Operations are normally interwoven with one another…PKO being executed with Preventive Diplomacy and Peacemaking ongoing; or PKO and PEO could be ongoing in same CTF AO (but in different regions of country).

12. Legal Basis for Peace Operations • UN Charter – Resolutions/Mandates based on the UN Charter as a whole primarily Chapters VI, II, and VIII • VI – Pacific Settlement of Disputes – Addresses peaceful means • VII – Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of Peace, and Acts of Aggression –Addresses enforcement actions • VIII – Regional Arrangements – Regional arrangements to maintain peace & security • International Treaties/Multinational Agreements/Conventions • National Constitutions/Declarations/ Resolutions/Statutory Authorizations

13. Complex Emergencies (Contingencies) • Since 1990, Peace Operations have moved from interstate conflicts to intrastate. Complex Emergencies are now the norm • Failed states - total breakdown of government institution & infrastructures • Term used to describe Humanitarian Operations (concurrent with PO) that have the following dimensions: • A complex, multi-party, intra-state conflict resulting in a humanitarian disaster which might constitute multi-dimensional risks or threats to regional and international security. • Peace Operations now must be executed along with the challenges of rebuilding societies, re-establishing institutions, promoting good governance. • Restoring infrastructure, economy, security, and reducing human suffering.

14. Peace Operations Realities • Support vs. Victory: CTF Commanders and Staff are required to understand the following realities of Peace Operations • The military is always in support of the larger political / civil mission (military is a component of a larger effort). • There is neither an enemy nor a military victory. Military task is to set conditions to enable other agencies to achieve political end state. • Military can: • Temporize • Maintain situation • Reduce levels of violence • Induce compliance • Basic Mission:The military mission will revolve around establishing or maintaining a safe, secure, and stable environment. • Civil-Military Planning / Coordination:Identification of the civil-military tasks required by the mandate

15. MILITARY OPERATIONS SUPPORT OPERATIONS DIPLOMATIC LIFE SAVING LIFE SUPPORT ECONOMIC & SOCIAL UN / IOs / NGOs Overall Mandate Missions OPERATIONAL MODEL CTF Deploy-Mandate-Transition-Re-deploy Military Mission MILITARY CRISIS STABILIZATION CIVIL Ref: COE

16. Doctrinal Challenge • The most up-to-date Peace Operations doctrine is in the MNF SOP. It was cooperatively developed by MPAT, US Army PKI, UN, COE, JFCOM, EPIC, and NPS personnel. • No United Nations Peace Operations doctrine • NATO Doctrine comes closest to addressing the issues (ATP-3.4.1)

17. Doctrinal Principles of PO • NATO ratified list of PSO/PO Fundamentals. • Civil Military Cooperation • Objectives • Security • Unityof Effort • Legitimacy • Impartiality • Consent • Perseverance • Freedom of Movement • Credibility • Flexibility • Use of Force • Transparency • Mutual Respect • Restraint Ref: PKI

18. Key CTF Planning Documents • Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) • Peace Agreement • Mandate • Status of Forces/Mission Agreement (SOFA/SOMA) • Terms of Reference • Rules of Engagement (ROE) • Memoranda of Understandings (MOUs) • Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP) Note: These are living documents than need continuous management Ref: PKI

19. Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) • United Nations Security Council (UN SC) passes Resolutions that establishes the basis for the Peace Operation. • Peace Operations Resolutions normally contain two sections: First part contains political statements from the UN SC and the second part outlines the Mandate for the Peace Operation.

20. Peace Agreement • CTF Planners need to refer to any and all Peace Agreements agreed to among the parties to the conflict (past and working agreements). • Mandates for Peace Operations will normally refer to these Agreements and form a foundation for consent within the operation.

21. Mandate • The Mandate is the central document for outlining the scope of the operation. • The Mandate is either contained in a UN SC Resolution, an Initiating Directive from a Regional Organization or Multinational Organization, or can be included in Warning Orders and OPORDs for the operation.

22. Mandate Requirements • Also establishes the following: • ROE guidance • Legitimacy for the operation • Nature of the operation • Strategic Objectives and Political / Military end states • Strategic Mission and Tasks • Freedoms, constraints, and restraints • Expected Duration • Logistics and key supporting aspects • Civil-Military coordinating mechanisms • It is critical that a clear end statebe contained in the Mandate CTF Key Planning Point: The Mandate is the strategic guidance for the CTF Commander. It forms the foundation for the initial Mission Analysis and follow on Commander’s Estimate. The Mandate must be complete in its guidance and clear in its mission parameters (if not, planners must seek out additional guidance and clearly establish the mission parameters).

23. Status of Forces/Mission Agreement (SOFA/SOMA) • Negotiated agreements that establish the detailed legal status of PO forces – critical document. • Negotiated by the UN, Regional Organization, or Multinational Organization for the CTF at National levels (not a CTF action, but CTF planners may participate in development with higher headquarters). • Negotiated with the Host Nation and / or Affected Nation and are considered an International Agreement

24. Terms of Reference(TOR) • Developed to govern implementation of the PO • Based upon the situation and Mandate; may be subject to approval by the parties to the dispute (addresses details of PO) • Describes the mission, command relationships, organization, logistics, accounting procedures, coordination and liaison, and responsibilities or personnel assigned or detailed to the PO force (flexible document). • Normally written at the national level (UN, Regional or Multinational Strategic HQ) however, the potential CTF Commanders and staff may assist in initial development and need to be involved as amendments are developed

25. Rules of Engagement (ROE) • Directives that delineate the circumstances and limitations under which CTF forces respond to, initiate or continue engagement with other forces or elements • Define when and how force may be used • Initially ROE will be established by the National Strategic / UN level of planning. However, the CTF Commanders must provide continual assessments of the threat and recommendations for adjustments as required. • ROE can make the difference between success and failure • Requires ongoing contingency planning and assessment

26. Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) • Are used to establish agreements within the CTF forces as required • Flexible tool to establish formal agreements as required (can supplement and / or replace TORs). • Can be used between nations or for the CTF force as a whole to establish procedures or processes. • Existing MOUs need to be identified during the CTF’s activation to determine applicability for current Mandate (can greatly assist in interoperability challenges)

27. CAP: Consolidated Appeals Process • Legal Basis • General Assembly Resolution 46/182 • 1994 Inter-Agency Standing Committee approved CAP Guidelines • Produces CHAP: Common Humanitarian Action Plan • Presentation of possible scenarios • Sectors to be addressed • Criteria for Prioritization • Relationship with other assistance programs • Statement of humanitarian principles • Long term goals

28. QUESTIONS? Congratulations!