Admin

1. Admin

2. Review • Mahan’s tenets of Sea Power • Geographic Position • Physical Conformation • Extent of Territory • Number of Population • National Character • Character of the Government • Mahan’s Strategic questions: • What is a navy’s function? • How should a navy be deployed? • Where should the coaling stations needed to support them be established? • What is the value of commerce destruction, and should this be a primary or secondary goal of naval action?

3. Review cont. • Corbett • Points of agreement with Mahan • Points of disagreement with Mahan • Worldwide influence of Mahan’s writings • Was the decision to build a battle fleet a correct one for the US? Was it unanimous?

4. Lesson 8: The U.S. Navy and American Imperialism 1898-1914

5. Learning Objectives • Know the influence of the mass media in U.S. relations with Spain and the effect of the destruction of the U.S.S. Maine on public opinion. • Comprehend the impact of Mahanian doctrine on the naval strategy and thinking in preparation for and conduct of the war. • Comprehend the reasons for the acceleration of U.S. Navy expansion following the war with Spain.

6. Learning Objectives • Know the effect of the Progressive Era in domestic politics on the Navy. • Comprehend the threats and resultant actions taken by the U.S. concerning activities in the Pacific and Caribbean during the period 1900-1914.

7. Remember our Themes! • The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy • Interaction between Congress and the Navy • Interservice Relations • Technology • Leadership • Strategy and Tactics • Evolution of Naval Doctrine

8. The Spanish-American War

9. Causes • Decreased isolationism in U.S. public and Congress • Cuban Revolution (1895-1898): • U.S. investments threatened • Spanish authorities commit atrocities against Cuban civilians • Sympathetic to Cubans

10. USS MaineHavana, Cuba February 1898

11. The Fuze • USS Maine Explosion - February 1898: • Havana, Cuba. • Mission — protect U.S. citizens and property. • U.S. public angered - blame placed on Spain. • “Free Cuba!” • “Remember the Maine!” • President William McKinley • Congress declares war on Spain -- April 1898.

13. Fighting the War • Geography • Spanish Empire- • Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam • U.S. strategic interests • Panama Canal, Hawaii • U.S forces • Atlantic: Sampson/Schley • Asiatic: Dewey

14. President William McKinley

15. Naval Orders of Battle • United States • North Atlantic Squadron • Sampson based in Key West. • Schley’s “Flying Squadron” in Norfolk. • USS Oregon sent from Pacific to Atlantic. • Asiatic Squadron • Commanded by Commodore George Dewey at Hong Kong. • Sent by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt. • Spain • Inferior naval forces. • Montojo - Manila Bay • Cervera - Cape Verde Islands

16. Fighting the War • Cuba • Blockade of Santiago harbor (1 May) • Amphibious landing at Daiquiri (June 20) • Destruction of Cevera’s Fleet (July 3) • Sampson/Schley command controversy • Naval Results

18. Rear AdmiralWilliam T.SampsonCommanderNorth Atlantic Squadron

19. Rear AdmiralWinfield ScottSchleyCommanderNorth AtlanticFlying SquadronSpanish-AmericanWar

20. AdmiralPascual Cervera Commander Spanish Fleet Battle of Santiago de Cuba

21. Battle of Santiago • American blockade of Santiago Harbor. • Guantanamo Bay seized by Huntington’s battalion of Marines. • Amphibious landing at Daiquiri. • Confusion between Army and Navy: Shafter and Sampson. • Rough Riders’ Teddy Roosevelt. • Leads charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill. • Spanish governor orders fleet to flee harbor - 1 July 1898. • Sampson / Schley command controversy. • Results and lessons: • Spanish home fleet recalled while en route to the Philippines • U.S. technological superiority overwhelms Spanish. • U.S. becomes dominant power in the Caribbean Sea. • Improvement needed in fire control and amphibious doctrine.

22. USS OregonBattle of Santiago

23. Battle of Santiago

27. U.S. “Empire” Established • From Spain in 1898: • Puerto Rico • Guam • Philippines • Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba (Spain sells other island territories in the Pacific to the German Empire in 1899.) • Formerly Independent: • Hawaii (Annexed 1898) • Wake Island - 1899 • “American” Samoa (Harbor of Pago Pago) - 1899

28. American Pacific TerritoriesCoaling Stations for Ships

29. U.S. Navy after the War • Battle Ships principle warship • Mahan's advocacy of fleet engagements vindicated. • Commerce raiding discredited. • Construction programs to be completed by 1905: • 10 first-rate battleships. • 4 armored cruisers. • Global empire yields: • Overseas bases. • Expanded obligations to protect overseas interests. • Dewey heads new Navy General Board. • First U.S. peacetime strategic planning apparatus. • Missions are to devise war plans and assess foreign navies’ capabilities.

30. Progressive Era Politics(1901-1914) • Strong Presidents: • Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. • Republican Congress funds battleships and canal construction. • Large increases in federal budget. • Large increase in percentage of federal budget for Department of the Navy. • Dewey and General Board • Access to Secretary of the Navy and / or the President on a regular basis due to increased importance of the Navy.

31. Pre-WWI International Concerns • Expanding Interests of Germany, U.S. attention to Caribbean • Expanding Interests of Japan, U.S. attention in Pacific

32. The Caribbean • Threat: Germany • U.S. has stake in Caribbean • Annexation of Puerto Rico • Naval base in Cuba • Germany has strong interest in Latin America • Venezuela Crisis (1902) • Germany wants base there • Germany (plus Britain, Italy) blockades to recover from default on 12.5 million loan

33. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine • Caribbean Sea • Vital defense of the U.S. - Navy protects access to Panama Canal. • European relations with Latin America. • Venezuela Crisis (1902) demonstrates need for U.S. to ensure European powers need not intervene in Western Hemisphere.

34. Panama Canal • Renewed U.S. desire for canal in Central America. • Link between Atlantic and Pacific Fleets. • Need for the canal is highlighted by USS Oregon’s longtransit to the Battle of Santiago. • Strong support from President Theodore Roosevelt. • Essentially Mahanian

35. Panama Canal • Panamanian Revolution against Colombia - 1903. • Engineered and influenced by U.S. • Panama Canal Zone ceded to U.S. • Construction of the canal begins in 1904. • Completed in 1914. • Increased importance of U.S. control of Caribbean Sea. • Protection of Panama Canal is vital to defense of the U.S.

36. “The Big Stick” • Theodore Roosevelt (December 1904): • U.S. obligated “in flagrant cases of wrong-doing or impotence (in Latin America) to the exercise of an international police power.” • Constant interventions by Navy and Marines: • Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic. • Cuba - Platt Amendment. • Vera Cruz, Mexico. • “Yankee Imperialism” despised by many Latin Americans.

37. U.S. Interests in the Far East • War Plan Orange • U.S. Navy plan for war with Japan. • Defense of the Philippines and defeat of the Japanese Navy.

38. The Open Door • U.S. “Open Door” policy in China: • Policy has two aspects. (1) Ensure territorial integrity of China. (2) Ensure free trade in China for all countries. • China’s Boxer Rebellion - 1900 • U.S. Marine Regiment attached to U.S. Army force protecting Westerners. • Counter European and Japanese attempts at “spheres of influence”. • Yangtze River Patrol - U.S. gunboats protect American commerce.

39. Japanese Opening and Modernization • Commodore M.C. Perry - 1854 • Treaty of Kanagawa • European powers quickly follow U.S. lead. • Meiji Restoration - 1868 • End of Tokugawa Shogunate’s feudal system. • Emperor restored to power. • Increased trade with the West. • Rapid modernization of industry and armed forces. • Colonial expansion begins on Pacific Islands. • Japanese Navy • From the Age of Galleys directly to the Modern Age. • Skips entirely the Age of Sail.